AP Euro Semester 1

What key themes characterized the Renaissance and Exploration period (c. 1350–1550)?

Humanism, individualism, secularism, and revival of classical texts.

Who is known as the 'Father of Humanism'?

Petrarch.

What are the characteristics of Renaissance art and architecture?

Perspective, realism, and focus on the individual.

Which artist created the iconic painting 'Mona Lisa'?

Leonardo da Vinci.

What motivated the Age of Exploration?

God, Gold, Glory.

Name one key consequence of the Age of Exploration.

The Columbian Exchange.

What document did Martin Luther famously present in 1517?

The 95 Theses.

What was one key belief of Martin Luther in the Protestant Reformation?

Sola fide (faith alone).

Which reform movement is associated with the concept of predestination?

Calvinism.

What was the purpose of the Council of Trent (1545–1563)?

Reaffirmation of Catholic doctrines.

What principle did the Peace of Augsburg (1555) establish?

Cuius regio, eius religio (whose realm, his religion).

Who was the monarch associated with the English Civil War?

Charles I.

What event marked the beginning of Absolutism in France?

The reign of Louis XIV.

What key event took place during Louis XIV's reign?

The construction of the Palace of Versailles.

What concept did Hobbes articulate in 'Leviathan'?

The necessity of a strong central authority.

What were the core ideas of the Enlightenment?

Reason, natural rights, and social contract.

Who is known for the heliocentric theory?

Copernicus.

Which philosopher is associated with the idea of the social contract?

Rousseau.

What was the Salons' role during the Enlightenment?

Intellectuals gathered to discuss ideas.

What economic theory did Adam Smith advocate in 'Wealth of Nations'?

Laissez-faire — a policy of letting things take their own course without interfering.

What major agricultural change occurred during the early modern period?

The Agricultural Revolution.

Which document asserted individual freedoms in France during the French Revolution?

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.

What was the main goal of Frederick the Great and Catherine the Great as enlightened absolutists?

To modernize and reform their respective countries.

What was a key consequence of the French Revolution?

The rise of radical phases such as the Reign of Terror.

What was Napoleon's legal system called?

The Napoleonic Code.

What was the Continental System?

Napoleon's blockade against Britain to weaken its economy.

Which battle marked the fall of Napoleon?

The Battle of Waterloo (1815).

What does 'Mercantilism' emphasize as the source of national power?

National wealth.

Define 'Heliocentrism'.

The astronomical theory stating the sun is at the center of the solar system.

What movement involved the consolidation of small farms into larger ones in England?

The Enclosure Movement.

What were Witch Hunts?

Persecutions mainly targeting individuals accused of witchcraft.

What treaty ended the Thirty Years' War?

The Treaty of Westphalia.

What type of government structure is defined as Absolutism?

A political system where a ruler holds total power.

What is the significance of salons in the Enlightenment?

They facilitated the spread of new ideas and philosophies.

Which two figures are important in understanding Constitutionalism in England?

Hobbes and Locke.

What was one of the outcomes of the English Civil War?

The rise of parliamentary power over monarchy.

What was the key focus of the Northern Renaissance?

A more religious outlook compared to the Italian Renaissance.

What is the main difference between Absolutism and Constitutionalism?

Absolutism centralizes power in one ruler, while Constitutionalism distributes power and includes legal checks.

Who wrote 'The Social Contract'?

Rousseau.

What was the impact of the Scientific Revolution?

A shift to empirical observation and reason in science.

What were the societal roles of women during the Early Modern period?

Limited rights, with notable figures like Mary Wollstonecraft advocating for women's rights.

What artistic technique was emphasized during the Renaissance?

Perspective.

Which concept associated with absolutism was used to justify monarchs' rule?

Divine right.