21st Century Literature (Midterms)

Literature

A group of works and arts made up of words, encompassing poetry and prose, derived from the Latin word "learning, writing, grammar."

Prose

A type of writing composed of sentences and paragraphs, encompassing fiction and nonfiction, with a natural flow of speech and ordinary grammatical structure.

Dynamic Characters

Characters that change and learn something during the story, with traits responsible for the conflict and motivation.

Flat Characters

Two-dimensional characters that do not change throughout the story, serving a specific purpose to propel the story forward.

Round Characters

Fully realized characters with complex personalities that come into conflict with others, spurring character development.

Plot

The arrangement of events in a story, consisting of exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.

Theme

The central idea or meaning of a story that ties the narrative together.

Symbolization

The use of symbols, such as persons or objects, to evoke additional abstract meanings beyond their literal significance.

Tone

The author's implicit attitude toward the reader, subject, or events in a work, revealed through the author's style.

Pre-Colonial Period

The period before Spanish occupation in the Philippines, characterized by oral literature full of life lessons and ideas, revered by many Filipinos.

Imitative Literature

During the American period, Philippine literature was seen as imitative of American models, leading students to mimic the form of American poets instead of creating original works.

Japanese Period (1941-1945)

A time when Philippine literature was halted, English language use was banned, and Filipino language was mandated under Japanese rule, prompting writers to focus on life in the provinces.

Symbolism and Allegories

Writers in the Contemporary/Modern Period used symbolisms and allegories to convey messages amidst heavy censorship, with theater serving as a platform for protest.

Rebirth of Freedom (1946-1970)

A period marked by the resurgence of freedom in literature, allowing for new Filipino literary works and activism through writing.

Pre-Spanish Filipino Culture

Early Filipino life involved living in caves for safety, later transitioning to plains for farming and coastal areas for fishing, with unique clothing styles and structures like nipa huts and tree houses.

Oral Literature

Includes riddles, proverbs, folk songs (lullabies, drinking songs, love songs, etc.), and folk tales (myths, legends, fables, epics) that reflect the hopes, lifestyle, and culture of the people.

Riddles (Mga Bugtong)

Figurative statements in question form that demand deeper answers, often dealing with everyday life and used as a form of entertainment in gatherings.

Proverbs (Mga Sawikain)

Wise statements passed down by elders, emphasizing the value of experience as a teacher.

Folk Songs

Oldest form of Philippine literature, expressing people's hopes and lifestyle through repetitive, didactic, and native songs like lullabies, love songs, and religious songs.

Folk Tales

Stories encompassing life, adventure, love, and more, providing lessons about life and featuring themes like ceremonies, supernatural beings, and heroes.

PROSE IN NOVELS 

- This is usually written to the form of narrative, and may be entirely a figment of the author’s imagination.

PROSE IN SPEECHES

- Prose used in speeches often expresses thoughts and ideas of the speaker. 

PROSE IN PLAYS

- Prose written in plays aims to be dramatic and eventful.

PROSE IN SHORT STORY

- A story with a fully developed theme but significantly shorter and less elaborate than a novel. It has one or more characters,one plot and one single impression.

PROSE IN LEGENDS

- Traditionally, a legend is a narrative that focuses on a historical or geographically specific figure, and describes his exploits. It is fictitious narratives, usually about origins.

PROSE IN ANECDOTES 

- a usually short narrative of an interesting, amusing, or biographical incident, writer’s imagination and its goal is to give lessons to the readers.

PROSE IN ESSAYS 

- an analytic or interpretative literary composition usually dealing with its subject from a limited or personal point of view/opinion of the writer towards the specific subject.

PROSE IN BIOLOGY 

- is a detailed description of a person's life. It involves more than just the basic facts like education, work,relationships, and death; it portrays a person's experience of these life events.

PROSE IN NEWS

- is a detailed description of a person's life. It involves more than just the basic facts like education, work, relationships, and death; it portrays a person's experience of these life events. It can be everyday events in society and government.

PROSE IN ORATION 

- a formal speech, especially one given on a ceremonial occasion. It is intended to be spoken in public in dignified manner.

POETRY

-is the first major literary genre. It is a form of text that follows a meter and rhythm,with each line and syllable.

NARRATIVE POETRY

- is a form of poetry that tells a story, often making the voices of a narrator and characters as well; the entire story is usually written in metered verse. It can be real life or imaginary.

EPIC POEM 

-is along serious, poetic narrative about a significant event, often featuring a hero.

METRICAL TALE

 is a narrative poem which is written in verse that relates to real or imaginary events in simple, straight forward language, ballad or metrical romance.

BALLAD

- a poem or song narrating a story in short stanzas and considered as the shortest and simplest.

LYRICS

- expresses personal emotions through verse.

FOLKSONG

- a song that originates in traditional popular culture or that is written in such a style. It is also a short poems

intended to be sung in different emotions (love, despair,grief).

SONNETS

- is a one-stanza, 14-line poem, written in iambic pentameter.

The sonnet, which derived from the Italian word sonetto, meaning “a little sound or song,"

- One of sub-genre: The sonnet was originally a love poem which deals with the lover's sufferings and hopes.

- Example: Shakespeare’s Sonnet18

ELEGY

- a poem of serious reflection, typically a lament for the dead.

ODE

- a lyric poem in the form of an address to a particular subject, often elevated in style or manner and written in varied or irregular meter.

PSALM

- a sound of praising God and contains Philosophy of life.

AWIT- (SONG)

- slowly sung accompaniment of a guitar or banduria.

CORRIDO

- traditional Mexican style, typically having lyrics that narrate a historical event and recited to a martial beat(8,

octosyllabic).

FICTION

is the dream of the writer, made visible on the page. It may be the writer's lived experience or it may be entirely imagined.

- __________, literature created from the imagination, not presented as fact, though it may be based on a true story or situation.

CHARACTER

1. a person, an animal, or an imaginary creature that takes the part in the action of the story.

Protagonist

•  the main character of the story that is most central to the action of the story

Antagonist

•  the person or

thing working against the protagonist, or hero, in the story.

Static Characters

• characters that stay the same throughout the story.

Dynamic Characters

• characters that change and learn something during the story

Flat

• very few personality traits, do not change throughout the story, sometimes can be symbols or stereotypes

Round

• convincing and true to life, many different personality traits, usually undergo a change during the story

1. CHARACTERIZATION 

the techniques an author uses to

develop the personality of a character in a literary work.

• physical appearance and personality

• speech, behavior, and actions

• Thoughts and feelings

• interactions with other characters

1. SETTING

the time and place in which the action occurs. Look for clues in the opening paragraphs of the story or novel.

POINT OF VIEW

- It is refers to who tells the story and how it is told

• 1st person - It is refers to who tells the story and how it is told

• 3rd person - the story is told by the narrator who stands outside of the story and observes the events as they unfold. The narrator uses the pronouns she, he, and they.

1. PLOT

the action element in fiction, is the arrangement of events that make up a story. It is based on key conflict.

Exposition

• the first part of the story. The author establishes the setting, introduces characters, gives additional background information. 

Rising Action/Complication

•  the series of conflicts or struggles that build a story toward its climax. Tension rises.

Climax

• - the high point,or turning point, of a story. It is the most intense point. A decision is made that will decide the outcome of the conflict.

Falling Action

• - the action that works out the decision arrived at during the climax. The conflict is - or begins to be - settled.

Resolution

• - the ending. It ties up loose ends and brings the story to a close.

1. THEME

- Theme is the central idea or meaning of a story. 

1. SYMBOLIZATION

A symbol is a person,object, image, word, or event that evokes a range of additional meaning beyond and usually more abstract that is literal significance.

1. TONE

Tone is the author’s implicit attitude toward the reader, subject, and/or the people, places, and events in a work as revealed by the elements of the author’s style.

Literary Non- Fiction

is a type of prose that employs the literary techniques usually associated with fiction or poetry to report on persons,places, and events in the real world without altering facts.

Autobiography

1. an account of a person’s life written by that person.

Biography

1. an account of someone’s life written by someone else.

Letters

1. a written or printed communication addressed to a person or organization and usually transmitted by mail, a symbol or character that is conventionally used in writing and printing to represent a speech sound and that is part of an alphabet.

Essay and Articles

1. a short piece of writing on a particular subject.

Review

- a formal assessment or examination of something with the possibility or intention of instituting change if necessary.

Reports

1. - give a spoken or written account of something that one has observed, heard, done, or investigated

Functional Texts

are designed to be used for the purpose of fulfilling a particular need or to solve a problem

Recipes

1. - a set of instructions telling you how to prepare and cook food, including a list of what food is needed.

Directions

1. - guidance or supervision of action or conduct.

Schedules

1. - a plan for carrying out a process or procedure, giving lists of intended events and times.

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

- is a diverse and rich group of works that has evolved side-by-side with the country’s history. Literature had started with fables and legends made by the ancient Filipinos long before the arrival of Spanish influence.

The main themes of Philippine literature focus on country’s pre-colonial cultural traditions and the socio-political histories of its colonial and contemporary traditions.

THE SPANISH PERIOD (1521-1898)

- The start of the Philippine’s more colorful history took place in March 6, 1521 when Ferdinand Magellan docked on the shores of Homonhon.

-The Filipinos were then called “Ladinos”, meaning they were latinized.

- Filipinos were called two things. One is the “Taga-Bayan”, wile the other is the “Taga-Bukid” or “Taga-bundok”.

- A person who is a Taga-bayan is considered urbane and civilized and were in easy range of the church and state.
- A person who is a Taga-bundok or Taga-bukid is called a Bruto Salvage (Savage Brute) or Indio and were the ones who lived far from the center of the Spanish power.

THE AMERICAN PERIOD (1900-1942)

- The Philippines had a great leap in Education and Culture.

- The use of English along side Filipino was practiced.

-  The Philippines Public School system was introduced. 

- Free public instruction was given to the Filipinos.

-The Literature during the American period was considered as imitative of American model. Instead of asking the students to write originals, students ended up following the form of American poets.

THE JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945)

- The Philippine literature came into a halt.

- The use of the English language was forbidden, and the use of the Filipino language was mandated under the Japanese rule.

- For some this was a problem, but to most writers, it was a blessing in disguise.

- Almost all news papers were stopped except for some.

-Filipino literature was given a break during this period. Many wrote plays, poems, short stories, etc. Topics and themes were often about life in the provinces. 

THE CONTEMPORARY/MODERN PERIOD (1900-PRESENT)

- Martial Law repressed and curtailed human

rights, including freedom of the press.

- Writers used symbolisms and allegories to drive home their message, at the face of heavy censorship.

- Theater was used as a vehicle for protest, such as the PETA (Phil. Educational Theater Association) and UP Theater.

• THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM ( 1946-1970)

• THE STATE OF LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD

• THE NEW FILIPINO LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD

• PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-1972)

• THE LITERARY REVOLUTION

• WRITING DURING THE PERIOD OF ACTIVISM

• PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972- 1980)

• PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC (1981- 1985)

• PERIODS (1986-1999)

CAVES

early filipinos lived in _____.

- ______ were safer

- Later … he moved to the plains and coastal areas

• Plains - for farming 

• Coastal Areas - for fishing 

NIPA HUTS

 The main post of the house is called the arigue

TREE HOUSES

- To keep safe from enemies and wild animals. Ladders were hoisted in at night. 

MALE CLOTHING

 - consisted of the upper and lower parts. The upper part was a jacket with short sleeves called "kangan" while the lower part was a strip of cloth wrapped around the waist and in between the legs called "bahag". Males used a piece of cloth or a headgear called "putong".

- Butong symbolized the number of persons the wearer had killed.

• FEMALE CLOTHING

They wore “ baro or camisa”, a jacket with levees. The  lower part was called “ saya”.

INSULTS/ REVENGE : RELATIONSHIPS TURN SOUR BECAUSE OF INSULTS

• VISAYANS:

• ASWANG

• ALAKAWAT 

• BARANGAN 

• DALONDONGAN

• TAGALOGS

• MANGKUKULAM

• MANGGAGAWAY 

1. ORAL LITERATURE

• Riddles

• Proverbs 

2. FOLK SONGS 

• Lullabies

• Drinking Songs

• Love Songs

• Songs of Death

• Religious Songs

3. FOLK TALES

• Myths

• Legends

• Fables 

• Epics

RIDDLES (Mga Bugtong)

- These are statements that contain superficial words, but they function figuratively and as metaphors, are in the form of questions.

- These are questions that demand deeper answers.

- Deals with everyday life.

-It usually has mundane things as answers.

- This is used in the past as a form of game in small or large gatherings.

PROVERBS (Mga Sawikain)

● These are statements that are considered as wise.

● These are usually given by parents or elders of the community.

● There is belief that experience is the best teacher.

FOLK SONGS

Folk songs are one of the oldest forms of Philippine literature that

emerged in the pre-Spanish period. These songs mirrored the early forms of culture.

- A form of folk lyric which expresses the people’s hopes,aspirations, and lifestyle

- repetitive and sonorous, didactic and native 

- Traditional songs and melodies

- Inspired by the reaction of the people of their

 - Forms: 

● LULLABIES      ● DRINKING SONGS

● LOVE SONGS  ● RELIGIOUS SONGS

● SONGS OF DEATH

FOLK TALES 

- Folk tales are made up of stories about life, adventure, love, horror and humor where one can derive lessons about life. These are useful to us because they help us appreciate our environment, evaluate our personalities and improve our perspectives in life.

- USUAL THEMES : 

● Ceremonies needed to appease the deities.

● Pre and Pos apocalypse

● Life and death

● Gods and Goddesses

● Heroes and Heroines

● Supernatural beings

● Animals

- MYTHS

● These tackle the natural to strange occurrences of the earth and how things were created with an aim to give an explanation to things.

- There is Bathala for the Tagalogs and the Gueurang for Bikolanos.

Paradise is known as Maca, while Hell is Kasanaaan