Moral Codes

M1O1. The 4 limits of professional codes of ethics:

1. Codes are difficult to ----------

Enforce

M1O1. The 4 limits of professional codes of ethics:

Codes can be -----------

Ambiguous

M1O1. The 4 limits of professional codes of ethics:

Codes lack guidance for --------- circumstances

Specific

M1O1. The 4 limits of professional codes of ethics:

Codes generally lack --------- input.

Patient

M1O2. The code of ethics for pharmacists states that:

- A pharmacist ------- the covenantal relationship between the patient and pharmacist.

respects

M1O2. The code of ethics for pharmacists states that:

- A pharmacist -------- the good of every patient in a caring, compassionate, and confidential manner.

promotes

M1O2. The code of ethics for pharmacists states that:

- A pharmacist respects the --------- and dignity of each patient.

autonomy

M1O2. The code of ethics for pharmacists states that:

- A pharmacist acts with honesty and integrity in ----------- relationships.

professional

M1O2. The code of ethics for pharmacists states that:

- A pharmacist maintains professional ---------.

competence

M1O2. The code of ethics for pharmacists states that:

- A pharmacist respects the ------ and ------- of colleagues and other health professionals.

values, abilities

M1O2. The code of ethics for pharmacists states that:

- A pharmacist serves individual, community, and societal ------.

needs

M1O2. The code of ethics for pharmacists states that:

- A pharmacist seeks -------- in the distribution of ------ resources.

justice, health

M1O3. Which moral theory does this describe?

Seeks to maximize the greatest good for him/herself; does not consider other points of view

egoism

M1O3. Which moral theory does this describe?

This person will consult with several groups and will avoid decisions or actions that conflict with the expectations of this person's peer group

conformism

M1O3. Which moral theory does this describe?

DOES NOT consider the overall consequences of fulfilling that duty in relation to self or others or how others may view the decision

Deontology

“Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.”

Deontology

“deon” = duty

Immanuel Kant

M1O3. Which moral theory does this describe?

DOES consider the overall consequences without regard to oneself

Utilitarianism

"The greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people"

Utilitarianism

Who came up with Utilitarianism

Jeremy Bentham

M1O3. Which moral theory does this describe?

Acts without regard of consequences to self or other people; no internal thoughts about right and wrong, duty, or what others think; spiritual

Divine command

M1O3. Which moral theory does this describe?

Always act in accordance with the purity of one's own heart and soul; act in keeping with the inner voice and internal notions of right and wrong

Existentialism

M1O3. Which moral theory does this describe?

Combination of equally competing influences; relies on the best of several theories

Eclectic

M1O3:

Tends to be a survivor; analytical and very aware of the consequences and implications of his/her decisions

Egotism Advantage

M1O3:

Self centered and makes productive, healthy relationships hard to maintain and strengthen

Egotism Disadvantage

M1O3:

Always have support for ethical decisions

Conformism Advantage:

M1O3:

Interferes with individual judgement

Conformism Disadvantage

M1O3:

Offers clear answers in some situations; personal accountability helps to keep one true to this standard

Deontology Advantage

M1O3:

Does not offer much guidance in other situations; may lose own perspective of right and wrong

Deontology Disadvantage

M1O3:

Accommodates as many people as possible; tends to maintain civil harmony

Utilitarianism Advantage

M1O3:

Sacrifices continually made by a small group; but... what happens to the minority opinion?

Utilitarianism Disadvantage

M1O3:

It offers clear answers for those who follow this theory

Divine Command Advantage

M1O3:

There is a great diversity in beliefs across the religious spectrum due to various interpretations

Divine Command Disadvantage

M1O3:

Stresses human autonomy and free will; encourages critical thinking and reflection

Existentialism Advantage

M1O3:

It is sometimes difficult to find that "inner purity" due to bias and emotion; what if everyone did this?

Existentialism Disadvantage

M1O3:

You can gather information and deliberate about a decision; very reflective and analytical

Eclectic Advantage

M1O3:

Decision making is often very difficult

Eclectic Disadvantage

M1O4. —- believed there were 6 stages of moral development and in 3 levels.

Kohlberg

M1O4. Which of Kohlberg's levels does this describe?

Rules are truly external to the self rather than internalized

level 1, pre-conventional morality

M1O4. Which of Kohlberg's levels does this describe?

Strives to obey rules and social norms in order to win others' approval

level 2, conventional morality

M1O4. Which of Kohlberg's levels does this describe?

Defines right and wrong in terms of broad principles of justice that could conflict with laws or authority figures; principled reasoning (P-score)

level 3, post-conventional morality

M1O4: Level 1, Stage 1 of Kohlberg's moral development is based on what 2 things?

obedience and punishment

M1O4: Level 1, Stage 1 represents this saying....

An act is ------ only if I get -------

wrong, caught

M1O4: Level 1, Stage 1....

The rightness or wrongness of an act depends on its --------------; obey ------------ to avoid punishment

consequences, authority

M1O4: Level 1, Stage 2 of Kohlberg's moral development is based on what?

self interest

M1O4: Level 1, Stage 2 represents this saying....

Let's make a ------

deal

M1O4: Level 1, Stage 2....

Conforms to rules in order to gain ------ or satisfy personal objectives; some concern for others, but this is ---------- to what is thought to benefit themselves

rewards, secondary

M1O4: Level 2, Stage 3 of Kohlberg's moral development is based on what?

interpersonal accord

M1O4. Level 2, Stage 3 represents this saying....

Be ------------

considerate, nice, and kind

M1O4. Level 2, Stage 3....

Primary objective is to be thought of as a ------ person; moral behavior pleases, helps, and is ---------- of by others

good, approved

M1O4: Level 2, Stage 4 of Kohlberg's moral development is based on what?

maintaining a social order

M1O4. Level 2, Stage 4 represents this saying....

All are obligated to and protected by -----

law

M1O4. Level 2, Stage 4....

Considers the perspectives of others; now, what is ----- is what conforms to the rules of authority; reason for conforming is not a fear of punishment, but a belief that rules and laws maintain a social order worth -------------

right, preserving

M1O4. Level 3, Stage 5 of Kohlberg's moral development is based on what?

social contract orientation

M1O4: Level 3, Stage 5....

Obligated to ------ laws that promote human values and -------- rules that degrade them

follow, challenge

M1O4. Level 3, Stage 6 of Kohlberg's moral development is based on what?

morality of individual principles of conscience

M1O4: Level 3, Stage 6....

A person defines right or wrong on principles of universal ------ that

transcend any law or social contract that may conflict with them

justice

M1O5. Gilligan believed that this statement applied to what gender?

More of an ethic of justice

men

M1O5. Gilligan believed that this statement applied to what gender?

More of an ethic of caring

women

M1O5. —- developed the neo-Kohlbergian theory four component model

Jim Rest

M1O5. What are the 4 moral components on the model created by Rest?

sensitivity, judgement, motivation, and implementation

M1O5. —— studied moral development across cultures, stages, and professions

Stephen Thoma

M1O5: Regarding Thoma's study of moral development, which platform does this describe?

Compares the age of moral development to education in different countries

cultures

M1O5: Regarding Thoma's study of moral development, which platform does this describe?

Compares the age to the current stage of moral development

stages

M1O5: Regarding Thoma's study of moral development, which platform does this describe?

Compares the amount of people morally developed within different professions and settings (adults, student, inmates)

professions