GEOG 301 Exam 3 Brysch

What are some big metro areas?

Houston and DFW, California, Florida, and Northern East coast

What does the greek word ethnos mean?

You belong to a group that shares similiar characteristics

What are the components of how ethnicity manifests itself upon cultural landscape?

History, migration, and population

How does ethnic tradition shape division/use of land?

Architecture

What is a hearth?

Where group first began

What is a region occupied by?

Common ancestry, distinct culture, interaction with environment, different than other groups around it

Spanish America

French-Canadian

What is an ethnic group?

poeple of common ancestry and cultural tradition, living as a minority, feeling of belonging

What is the role of ethnic groups?

Keep distinctive cultural traditions, group identity, recreational outlet, social interaction

What are ethnic islands?

Rural areas, smaller than homeland, home to only several hundered people

What is assimilation?

Gradual loss of cultural traits, beliefs, and practices

What is acculturation?

Adoption by the immigrants of the values, attitudes, ways of behavior, and speech of the receiving society

What is the role of pop culture?

Despite differences people can come together/unite

What is cultural pluralism?

Premise that members of ethnic group resist pressures to assimilate and retain those traits, beliefs, and practices that make them distinctive

What is "Stew and stir fry"?

When blended together or comes in contact with each other, they are better than all original ingredients alone

What is the main goal of the "Stew and stir fry" theory?

Each group would become richer and more resourceful, and yet each maintain the integrity of the original group

What does ethnicity interact with?

Religion, health, business activity, employments, stereotypes

What is race?

Social construct, the mistaken idea that one or more genetic traits can be used to identify distinctive and exclusive categories of people

What society typically calls "race" is in fact what?

A combination of physical attributes in a population

What is social construction?

Created and given meaning by people

What does the social meaning of race affect?

Understanding legacy of racism and the classification of people over time and the consequences, wealth, education, prestige, treatment, institutionalized racism, access to education, housing, other valuable resources, and where you live

What is racism?

The intolerance of people perceived to be inherently or genetically inferior

What is systemic racism?

How racism shows up in our lives across institutions and society

What is the difference between ethnicity and race?

Ethnicity is heritage, backgroud, language, and religon; Race is physical characteristics, skin color, hair, and eye color

Does the US have an official language?

No

What are the pros of having English only laws?

Creates sense of national identity and promote unity, abolish the uses of translation services, curve immigration slightly, younger people assimilate better, immigratns are encouraged to learn english, and protect the english language

What are the cons of having English only laws?

Restrict free speech, discrimination among minorities, promotes divison of unity, culture is lost, you are not really part of the US

What is dialect?

A particular form of a language (differences in grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation) which is peculiar to a specific region or social group

What is an accent?

When someone speaks a dialect of our language that has a different pronunciation from our own dialect

What is a standard dialect?

The designation of a specific dialect as the norm or authoritative model of language usage

What is prestige dialect?

most likely to reflect high socioeconomic or educational status or political power

What is a toponym?

Place-name

What do toponyms tell you?

Gives you an idea about the region/place, and you can learn about the people who live there

Where is the name "Texas" from?

Caddo Indian word that means "friends" or "allies"

What is religion?

System of beliefs and practices that help people make sense of the universe and their place in it

What is athesim?

The belief that God does not exist

What is the defintion of agnostic?

The belief that the existence of God cannot be proven or disproven empirically

What is secularism?

The indifference to or rejection or exclusion of religion and religious considerations

Since Christianity has decrease, what has increased/chagned?

Religous unaffiliated or "nones"

Why are people switching religions/deaffiliating?

Moving away from Christianity and after a Christian upbringing,

What factors are causing people to move away from Christianity?

Age and gender

What factors or causing people to disaffiliate after a Christian upbringing?

Education politics, and geography

What does a more secular society mean?

A lack of religious affiliation having profound effects on things

What does a secular society effect?

How people think about death, how they teach their kids, and how they vote

What is privilege?

Societally granted, unearned advantages accorded to some people and not others; generally, systemic or structural advantages that impact people

What is privilege based on?

Identity factors such as race, gender, sex , religion, nationality, disability, sexuality, class, and body type. Might also include level of education and other factors of social capital under the umbrella of privilege

Christian privilege

What is a nation?

A sizeable group of people with shared political aspiration whose collective identity is rooted in a common history, heritage, and attachment to a specific territory

What is nationalism?

Expression of loyalty to and pride in a nation

What is the good of nationalism?

Contributes to human progress and freedom and education and economic vitality

What is the bad of nationalism?

Encourages fears of all kinds of other people which can be mobalized for violence and scapegoating; international conflicts

What is patriotism?

Expression of love for and devotion to one's state (country)

What is the difference between nationalism and patriotism?

Nationalism usually has negative connotations, while patriotism doesn't

What is globalism?

The operation or planning of economic and foreign policy on a global basis

What does globalism attempt to do?

To understand all the interconnections of the modern world - and to highlight patterns that underlie (and explain) them

What is the electoral system?

Set of procedures used to convert the votes cast in an election into the seats won by a party or candidate

What is reapportionment?

Process of allocating legislative seats among voting districts so that each legislator represents approximately the same number of people

What is redistricting?

Redrawing the boundaries of voting districts usually as a result of population change

What is gerrymandering?

The practice of manipulating voting district boundaries to give an advantage to a particular political party or group

What are some gerrymandering techniques?

Excess vote and wasted vote

What is excess vote?

Packing; opposition supporters are concentrated into a few districts

What is wasted vote?

Cracking; opposition supporters are spread across many districts but in the minority

What is the 1980s amendemnets to voting rights act?

Prohibited gerrrymandering that dilutes minority voting power

What was the goal of the 1980s amendments to voting rights act?

Improve minority representation and to have equal majority/minority districts

What are some gerrymandering solutions?

Independent commissions for redistricting, voter-determined districts, and commissions should draw districts that maximize the number of representatives for communities of color

What are some differences between US and Canada?

Race and political issues are more muted in Canada, no Canadian political parties are attempting to extend the power of the declining white majority with gerrymandering, and gerrymadering has been illegal since the 1960s

What are Sectors Primary?

Raw materials

What are Sectors Secondary?

Manufacturing

What are Sectors Tertiary?

Services

What are the two subfields of Tertiary?

Quaternary (information) and Quinary (management)

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin?

Greater access to capital money, technological innovataions

When did the Industrial Revolution begin?

Late 1700s

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

Hearth: Great Britain

What were some characteristics of industrial regions before 1950?

Manufacturing belts were close to raw materials and good transportation, Relative location, political situation, economic leadership, labor costs, education, and training

Why was there a manufacturing boom in the 20th century?

Early innovations in the production process

Who was Henry Ford?

Pioneered the mass production assemble line

What was the mass production assembly line?

Inexpensive production of consumer goods at a single site, mass scale

What is Fordism (Fordist Production)?

Dominant mode of mass production 1945-1970 and good wages (people migrated for work)

What were the outcomes of Fordism?

Mass production and mass consumption, machines replaced people on the assemble line, unskilled workers instead of craftsmen

What was Ford's goal?

Mass produce goods at a price that his workers could afford

How long did the good times of Fordism last?

20 years

What were some crisis of Fordism?

70s energy crisis, technology (couldn't adjust quickly)

What was Post-Fordism?

Latter third of the 20th century (1970s-80+), global economy becomes more integrated and transportation costs decrease, and flexible production

What was the advantage of the global economy becoming more inegrated and transportation costs decreasing?

Concentrating in large-scale complexes decreases

What was flexible production designed to do?

respond to consumers who want the newest/best/greatest offering and enable manufactures to lower the cost of production by moving around the world

How do we measure the service sector?

GDP: Gross d=omestic profit: the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year; jobs

When was the Rust Belt?

1980-1990

Why was there a rise of the Sunbelt?

Air conditioning, milder winter and more sun, less expensive housing in the south, and market-friendly economic policies

The Post-Civil War boom led to what?

Manufacturing belt

What is significant about Cleveland, Ohio?

Premier center of industrialism between Buffalo and Chicago

Why is inequality more prevalent in the US than in Canada?

Role of progressive taxes, college tuition fees, minimun wages, rent subsidies, healthcare

What has employment shifted from and to?

From: manufacturing, contruction, and other eroding middle-calss jobs;

To: healthcare, technology, informatics, and energy sectors (which require advanced levels of education and training)

What are two things a person's fortune are strongly influenced by?

The area or neighborhood in which they were born and raised, and/or is trying to earn a living

What is the Gini Coefficient (or Gini Index)?

A statistical measure of economic inequality and wealth distribution among a population

What does the Gini coefficient of zero express?

Perfect equality, where all values are the same

What does the Gini coefficient of one (100%) express?

Expresses maximal inequality values

What is income?

Sum of earnings from a job or self-owned business, interest on savings and investments, payments from social programs and many other sources; usually calculated annually or monthly

What is wealth?

Aka net worth; value of assets owned by a family or individual

What do both income and wealth have in common?

Key indicators of financial security for a family or individual

Why does inequality matter?

Hinders economic growth, fosters political dysfunction, rich households tend to spend less of their income than poorer ones, wealtherier can exert outsize influence on government