Human Growth and Development Key Concepts

Placenta

Providing of nutrients and oxygen

Trophoblast

Outer cells of human blastocyst

Germinal period of prenatal development

First two weeks post conception

Teratogens

They can cause malformed features

Object permanence

Understanding objects out of sight still exist

Zone of proximal development

Four-year-old can almost write but needs some help

Zygote

A fertilized egg that contains the genetic information of both parents?

Sigmund Freud

Which psychoanalysts developed the concept of oral pleasure as being the base of attachment between an infant and mother?

Recommended sleep for toddlers

11-14 hours according to the National Sleep Foundation

Erickson's trust versus mistrust stage

Attachment between child and caregiver

Scotopic sensitivity in middle adulthood

Eyes lose their ability to see in dimmer light

Initiative versus guilt

Stage of Ericsson's theory of psychological development in early childhood

Gender dysphoria

What do transgender children experience when they feel distress accompanying a mismatch between their gender identity and biological sex assignment?

Cooperative play

Children learn to interact with peers to achieve a common goal

Cooperative and associative play

Which forms of play indicate that children by the age five have achieved strong psychosocial development skills?

Unexamined ethnic identity

Which stage of ethnic identity is represented when a teenager prefers a dominant culture over their own ethnic minority culture?

Depression

Which characteristic is associated with children who are obese?

Conservation

Which major ability of a child showing concrete operational thought is described as an understanding that changing one quality of an object can be compensated for by changes in another quality?

Which attributes define post conventional morality in Kohlberg stages of moral development?

Morality that focuses on universal ethical principles of conduct

Long term drop in self-esteem in adolescents

Transitioning from one school to another while experiencing family disruptions

James Marcia

Who identified four identity statuses that represent the four possible combinations of the dimension of commitment and exploration in adolescents?

Which adolescent characteristics are expressed in the unexamined ethnic identity stage of Phinney's ethnic identity formation theory?

A preference for dominant ethnicity.

Which outcome is related to the consumption of a large amount of processed sugars?

weekend blood brain barrier.

How do peers affect one another's emotions and behaviors during adolescence?

Negative peer pressure can lead to adverse effects on emotions and behaviors during adolescence.

why are short-lived romantic relationships important during adolescence?

They contribute to identity formation during adolescence.

Rejected withdrawn children

They are easy targets for bullies because they are unlikely to retaliate when belittled.

What does a decrease in spending time with family reflect in the psychosocial development of teenagers?

Autonomy

Rejected aggressive children's behavior

They are loud and confrontational.

Peer understanding and emotions

Students begin to focus on peer understanding and emotions and friendships in 5th grade.

Primary aging

Oxidative damage is a factor that contributes to primary aging.

Sarcopenia

A symptom of sarcopenia is loss of muscle mass due to aging.

Which adults are unable to receive more toxic forms of chemotherapy as a cancer treatment?

Adults with nearly exhausted functional reserves are unable to receive more toxic forms of chemotherapy as a cancer treatment.

why might An adult might have difficulty achieving formal operational thoughts?

they are not challenged to think abstractly about their world.

How can adults compensate for gradual decline in memory loss?

they can use higher order cognitive skills such as forming strategies.

What is proposed about how the brain counters age-related cognitive deficiencies?

The brain adapts to neural atrophy by building alternative connections referred to as scaffolding.

How does post formal thought reflect cognitive development in young adults?

learn to base decisions on what is realistic and practical.

Empty nest syndrome

Adults experience empty nest syndrome as great emotional distress after their grown children have left home.

Why is emerging adulthood sometimes considered the age of possibilities?

Young adults feel optimistic that they will get where they want to in life because their dreams have yet to be tested

Effects of divorce

Young adults struggle more with depression or other psychological adjustment than those in midlife.

Why is the stage of generativity Important in middle and older adulthood?

it encompasses procreativity, productivity, and creativity.

Voluntary gross motor skill in infants

Rocking back and forth on hands and knees is an example.

Extraversion

It describes the tendency of adults to experience positive emotions and seek out stimulation and the company of others.

Intimate terrorism

It occurs when one partner consistently uses violence to dominate the other and causes feelings of extreme fear.

Emotion focused coping

Watching a funny movie to distract a person who is feeling anxiety demonstrates this.

Ego integrity versus despair

A positive resolution reflects development of the acceptance of how one has lived.

How do rules of endogamy affect the social relationship of marriage?

they encourage marriage between people who share social characteristics.

Neuroticism

It is described by the tendency to experience negative emotions such as anger, anxiety, or depression.

What is one way that culture affects cognition in adults?

enables crystallized intelligence.

Which phenomenon can cause a change in the shape of a rib cage in adulthood?

Thickening of bones

Age of viability

It represents the first chance of fetus survival outside the womb.

Fertilization of an egg

It generally occurs in the fallopian tube.

Amniocentesis

Its purpose is to help diagnose a birth defect.

Which condition can be caused in a newborn by an R H negative mother

Anemia

Neuroplasticity of the brain

It refers to the formation of connections between neurons.

What is an example of a basic emotion of fear in infants?

Stranger wariness is an example.

Overweight children

Children are considered overweight if they are in the 85th percentile.

According to the developmental intergroup theory of gender development why are gender stereotypes so strong?

adults place heavy focus on gender

Which outcome is socially transitioned transgender child with support from their family more likely to exhibit compared to their transgender peers with little family support?

improved mental health

Which subsequent behaviors are linked to prolonged adverse childhood experiences in young children?

increased risk for alcoholism, drug abuse, and depression in young children.

What is true when comparing caregivers to childcare facilities in relation to children's psychosocial development?

Parent and family characteristics are stronger predictors of child psychosocial development than childcare facilities.

Why does the ability to self-regulate emotions change in infants as they grow older? As young infants grow older?

As young infants grow older, they can more effectively communicate their need for help.

How does the cultural practice of uninvolved parenting affect children's behavior?

Children may struggle in school and with peer relationships.

What is a long-term effect experienced by children living through family separation?

poor stress management.

Which information processing type is affected in a child who scores poorly in mathematics as per Alloway?

Working memory

oblivobesity

When parents ignore the reality that their children are overweight or obese.

spermarche

An aspect of sexual growth development that occurs in males.

Which cognitive development stage do children between the ages of seven and eleven experience, according to Piaget?

concrete operational

anorexia nervosa effect on adolescents

Adolescents experience a disturbance in their self-evaluation regarding body weight.

Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development

Defined by a clear sense of identity and purpose.

egocentrism in adolescence

Involves a heightened focus on oneself during adolescence.

What is an effect of completion classroom atmospheres on the psychosocial development of children?

They can interfere with cultivating supportive relationships among students or between the teachers.

positive relationship with parents

Adolescents are more likely to feel freedom in exploring identity options.

How do cultural differences in eye contact affect the psychosocial development of children?

Teachers who expect a lot of eye contact may consider children who offer less as indifferent or disrespectful.

rejected-aggressive children

This group tends to have difficulty with peer relationships due to being loud and confrontational.

secondary sexual characteristic in males

Growth of facial hair and a lower voice.

neuroendocrine theory of aging

Suggests that as adults age, the ability of the hypothalamus to regulate hormones begins to decline, leading to metabolic problems.

presbyopia

A normal change in elasticity of the eye due to age.

How does aging affect the onset of chronic illness?

Diseases that affect older individuals will become more prevalent.

dialectical thought

Helps an adult to see their parents as individuals with weaknesses and strengths rather than as good or bad characters.

According to the processing-speed theory, what characterizes older adults' problem- solving ability?

As the nervous system slows with advanced age, adults' ability to process information declines

kinkeeper role in midlife

Midlife adults play a central role in keeping their family connected and promote family continuity.

Which category of expert thought makes an adult more creative and curious?

felxible

Which characteristic describes adults who are more susceptible to jealousy in relationships?

Adults who score high on both attachment-related avoidance and attachment-related measures are more susceptible to jealousy.

Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development

Emphasizes generativity.

neurotic personality type in adults

A tendency to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, depression, or anger.

palliative care option

Care designed to provide comfort and relief from physical and emotional pain throughout a patient's illness.

deviant peer contagion

A peer action that reinforces problem behavior and increases the likelihood of future problem behavior.

social learning theory

A gender development theory that focuses on reinforcement, punishment, modeling, and observation.

cultural differences in social distance

A student who expects a closer distance from their teacher than the teacher does may seem overly familiar or intrusive.

secure attachment

when an infant feels safe exploring with the caregiver present, is upset when they leave, and is comforted when they return 

insecure attachment

when an infant does not feel consistently safe or comforted by their caregiver, leading to anxious or avoidant behaviors 

avoidant attachment

a type of insecure attachment where the infant avoids or ignores the caregiver, showing little emotion when they leave or return 

ambivalent attachment

a type of insecure attachment where the infant becomes very distressed when the caregiver leaves but then resists comfort or shows conflicting behavior when the caregiver returns 

authoritative

parents who are warm and supportive while also setting clear rules and high expectations, encouraging independence and open communication

authoritarian

parents who set strict rules and expect obedience, showing little warmth and often using punishment rather than reasoning 

permissive

parents who are warm and affectionate but set few rules or limits, often allowing children too much freedom without structure 

uninvolved

parents who are disengaged, providing little support, warmth, or guidance and often meeting only the child's basic needs

adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can lead to…

challenges later in life, including depression, anxiety, risky behaviors, chronic disease, and fewer opportunities in education or work

non-social play

unoccupied, solitary, and onlooker

social play

parallel, associative, and cooperative