Unit 02: Energy Drinks Biology Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the biological concepts of energy, organic nutrients, digestion, cellular transport, and the components of energy drinks as discussed in the lecture.

Solar energy

Energy from the sun; source of energy for all life.

Chemical energy

Energy found in the bonds of chemical compounds.

Mechanical energy

Energy of motion (kinetic energy) or position of an object before it moves (potential energy).

First Law of Thermodynamics

The law stating that energy can be converted between forms.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

The law stating that the conversion of energy from one form to another results in a loss of energy as heat.

Entropy

The loss of organization in a system.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A type of nucleic acid used as the energy currency for cells, containing energy within the bonds between phosphate molecules.

Organic nutrient

A molecule containing both carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Hydrocarbons

Chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms found in organic molecules.

Functional groups

Groups attached to hydrocarbon chains to provide chemical reactivity to organic molecules.

Polymers

Long chains of smaller molecules called monomers.

Monomers

The smaller components that build polymers, such as amino acids or nucleotides.

Dehydration synthesis

Chemical reactions that join monomers together into polymers.

Hydrolysis

Chemical reactions that break polymers down into monomers.

Monosaccharides

Single carbohydrate units, sometimes called simple sugars, such as glucose, galactose, or fructose.

Disaccharides

Combinations of two monosaccharides, such as maltose, lactose, or sucrose.

Polysaccharides

Long chains of glucose molecules that may be branched or unbranched, such as starch, glycogen, or fiber.

Starch

A polysaccharide used for long-term energy-storage in plants.

Glycogen

A polysaccharide used for short-term energy-storage in animals.

Fiber

A polysaccharide used for the structural components of leaves, stems, and roots within plants.

Gluten

A natural protein found in cereal grains that can cause autoimmune responses in individuals with celiac disease.

Triglycerides

A single glycerol unit attached to three fatty acid chains of varying length used for energy storage.

Cholesterol

Lipids with carbons arranged in a ringlike structure used for cell membrane function and hormone production.

Phospholipids

Triglycerides modified to contain a phosphate group in place of one fatty acid chain, forming the structure of the cell membrane.

Saturated fatty acids

Fatty acids where carbons are bound to two carbons and two hydrogens, forming long straight hydrophobic chains.

Unsaturated fatty acids

Fatty acids that include some double bonds between carbons, resulting in bent chains that are less hydrophobic.

Peptide bonds

Strong bonds that link amino acids together to form polypeptides.

Mechanical digestion

Digestive processes that increase the surface area of foods, such as breaking up food in the mouth or stomach.

Chemical digestion

Digestive processes that break down nutrients using enzymes.

Villi

Fingerlike projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for increased absorption of nutrients.

Enzymes

Metabolic catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required.

Active site

A pocket in an enzyme where the substrate binds.

Feedback inhibition

A process of enzyme regulation where the end product can turn off the enzyme to ensure correct production amounts.

Amylase

An enzyme produced by the salivary glands and pancreas that breaks down starch into maltose.

Prokaryotic

Cells that lack a nucleus and organelles, such as bacteria.

Eukaryotic

Cells that contain membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, such as animals, plants, and fungi.

Mitochondria

Organelles that convert the energy found in nutrients to a form usable by the cell ($ATP$).

Cristae

The series of membranes within mitochondria that surround open spaces called the matrix.

Passive transport

Movement of materials through the plasma membrane without energy, moving with the concentration gradient (e.g., diffusion, osmosis).

Active transport

Movement of materials through the plasma membrane requiring energy ($ATP$) to move molecules against their concentration gradient.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water towards areas of high solute concentration.

Tonicity

A measure of the amount of solute in a solution.

Hypotonic

A solution with lower solute concentration outside than inside the cell, causing net water movement into the cell.

Cellular respiration

A process involving four stages used to break down the chemical bonds of organic nutrients into usable $ATP$ energy.

Glycolysis

The first step in cellular respiration occurring in the cytoplasm, breaking a 6-carbon glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules.

Electron transport chain

The phase of cellular respiration that generates the most $ATP$ by using high energy electrons from $NADH$ and $FADH_2$.

Vitamins

Organic molecules that act as coenzymes, hormones, or antioxidants.

Caffeine

A water-soluble and fat-soluble psychoactive stimulant that blocks adenosine receptors in the brain to reduce drowsiness.

Taurine

An amino acid found in energy drinks that assists in digestion, mineral processing, and acts as an antioxidant.

Citicoline

A chemical involved in brain function that acts as a stimulant of the central nervous system.