EXAM 3 BIO VOCAB

angiosperm

Flowering plants. Co-evolved with pollinators. Fruits: “ripened ovaries” 80% of plant species are angiosperms.

monocots

A subsection of angiosperm

Seeds typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon

•Monophyletic group

•Grasses including grains

•Palms, bananas, onions

•Orchids, tulips, daffodils, irises

• flowers in multiples of 3

•Flower parts in threes or sixes

eudicots

A subsection of angiosperm

• 190,000 species

• reduced subset of directs

• mainly woody and herbaceous (soft sperm)

• mainly food plants

• flowers in multiples of 4 or 5

EXAMPLES

GYMNOSPERMS

•Naked seeds

•Cones, no swimming sperm

•Wind-pollinated

•Cycads, gingkos, Gnetophytes, Conifers

HORSETAILS AND FERNS

•Vascular structures

•Equisetum sp.

•Sporophyte dominated life cycle

•Ferns: fiddleheads and fronds

•Swimming sperm

endosperm

A specialized triploid seed tissue found only in angiosperms; contains stored nutrients for the developing embryo.

ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS

Gametophyte

The multicellular haploid phase of a plant's life

sporophyte

The multicellular diploid phase of a plant's life cycle.

tissue

An organized group of cells that have features in common and that work together as a structural and functional unit.

organ

An anatomical feature that consists of several types of tissues that together carry out a particular function.

shoot system

The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and flowers.

seed bank

Natural storage of seeds, often dormant, within the soil of most ecosystems.

Dermal tissue system

Forms plant epidermis, usually one cell layer. Some epidermal cells differentiate: Stomata, trichomes, root hairs

Outer covering of plant

Stomata

pores for gas exchange

Trichomes

leaf hairs, protect from herbivores and damaging solar radiatio

Root hairs:

increase root surface area

Vascular Tissue System

conducts water and solutes throughout the plant. Xylem and Phloem.

Xylem

in vascular tissue system. Plant tissue that transports water and minerals, typically from roots to leaves

Phloem

in vascular tissue system. Plant tissue that transports sugars and other solutes, typically from leaves to the rest of the plant.

Meristem

The tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells), found in zones of the plant where growth can take place. Meristematic cells give rise to various organs of the plant and keep the plant growing.

Totipotent

capable of developing into a complete organism or differentiating into any of its cells or tissues

Indeterminate growth

Growth processes that do not terminate when the adult stage is reached or a pre-determined structure has formed. Instead growth is open-ended and lifelong.

Hormone

Signaling molecules that regulate and control physiology, growth, or behavior

pigment

A compound that has a distinctive color due to selective color absorption

Secondary metabolites

Organic compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of an organism. Often they contribute to a “secondary” function such as defense against herbivory.

Water potential

The tendency of water to move from one area to another due to osmosis, gravity, mechanical pressure, or matrix effects such as capillary action. Water moves toward more negative water potentials.

Environmental condition

An abiotic environmental factor which varies in space and time. Examples include light level, temperature, moisture, salinity, and concentration of pollutants. Conditions, unlike resources, are not consumed or used up by organisms.

Ecological resource

All things consumed by an organism

exponential vs logistic

r-selected species

Weedy species that has evolved to maximize its reproductive output. also, r-strategist

K-selected species

Species adapted to produce fewer offspring in which much more is invested in their success. also, K-strategist

Intraspecific competition

Competition for resources by members of the same species

Interspecific competition

Competition for resources by members of different species

Consumer-resource interaction

An interspecific interaction in which one organism consumes another as a resource, including predation, herbivory, and parasitism

Ecological niche

The abiotic and biotic conditions under which a given species can persist; the functional role of the species in its community

Food chain

A succession of organisms that eat other organisms and are, in turn, eaten themselves

Trophic level

the position an organism occupies in a food chain or food web, including levels such as producer, consumer, predator, secondary predator etc.

Trophic cascade

Large alterations to organism abundances at lower trophic levels by changes at a higher trophic level, particularly removal or addition of a top predator.

Ecological community

A set of species living together in a given area. A group of populations.

Climax community

final stage of succession where a steady state community is reached. An example would be an old-growth forest

Keystone species

A species that has a disproportionately large effect on its community and environment relative to its abundance.

Ecosystem engineer

Any organism that creates, significantly modifies, maintains or destroys a habitat.

Dominant species

A species within an ecological community that makes up a large proportion of the total biomass.

soil

The unconsolidated mineral and organic material on the immediate surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.

Soil organic matter

Organic (carbon-based) material, typically brown in color, that builds up in the upper layers of soil as a result of long-term decomposition of living tissues by soil microbes

CLORPT

5 factors that control soil: Climate, Organisms, Relief, Parent Material, Time

Ecosystem

A community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system.