Nutrition Final//Poultry

54% of the feed annually mixed in the US

• Cost of feeding approximately ______ of poultry production

  • Considerable interest in effectively formulating poultry feeds

  • Interactions of genetics, physiology, disease, and __________________ conditions influence animal nutrition

75%, environmental

Poultry production

• _____________ integrated companies

  • Company may own everything from the genetics of the birds to the restaurants serving the finished product

    • Own feed mills

• Majority of poultry, broilers, laying hens, and turkeys are raised in ______________

Vertically, confinement

Feeding poultry

• Objectives

  • To transform nonedible materials into an _________ product

  • Meet the _____________ requirements of the bird

  • Economical 

edible, physiological

Feeding management

• Nutrient requirements for the specific type of bird

  • In any ration formulation program , understanding of _________ rules and regulations regarding use of medications in poultry feed in necessary

FDA

Broilers 

• Chicks fed on free-choice basis from ___________ to 6-8 weeks

  • Mash, pellets, or crumbles

• Multiple stage rations are usually employed

  • Diets may contain _______________ and coccidiostats

• Feeding can be automated

hatching, antibiotics

Phased feeding

• As protein content decreases, the energy content either remains constant or _______________ slightly

increases

Broilers- meal feeding vs continuous feeding

• Meal feeding found to _______________ feed conversion of broilers

  • Fed ad libitum for 3 weeks

• Fourth week – fed ______ times per day (every 6 hours)

improve, 4

Broiler flock replacement pullets

• Low level _________________ is desirable in starter rations 

  • Need in developer rations is questionable

  • Coccidiostat should be used

• Restricted feeding desirable

  • Slows the rate of ____________ maturity

  • Permits the development of _____________ final body size

  • Results in larger egg weights at an early time

  • Increases subsequent egg production

  • ______________ mortality

antibiotic, sexual, larger, Reduces

Laying hens

• At sexual maturity (16 weeks)

• Adequate level of calcium

  • If supplemental calcium is required

    • Provided __________ choice – oyster shell granules or other calcium-containing grits

free

Laying hens–phase feeding

• Targets nutrient requirements according to stages of production for increased economic returns

  • Relates to ______________ intake

    • Energy playing a regulatory role

• Requires detailed records

  • Stage and rate of production

  • Body weight

  • Feed consumption information

  • ___________ and protein content

  • Environmental temperature

  • Type of management

protein, Energy

Phased feeding–based on production cycle

• Phase 1 

  • ____________ weeks

  • Up to 65% production

• Phase 2 

  • 65% production to _____ weeks

• Also use single stage rations at 16% CP

20-40, 80

Laying hens

• Commercial egg-producing strains

  • Feed is provided on a free-choice basis

• For heavy breed layers, some degree of _____________ is often practiced

  • Closely correlated to:

    • Production rate

    • Body weight

    • Environmental ______________

restrictions, temperature

Laying hens – egg size management

• Excessively large eggs can have a ________________ impact on economics

  • Egg size can be affected by:

    • Nutrition

    • Energy

    • ______________ intake

      • Specific amino acids such as methionine and cystine

    • Total fat

    • lonoleic acid

      • Increasing levels of these nutrients ____________ early egg size

      • Decreases levels will control size of eggs late in the cycle

  • Reductions in egg size – can have a potential impact on egg ______________

negative, Protein, improves, numbers

Laying hens – flock recycling rations

• Natural for birds to molt

  • Use this to _______________ the rate of lay, shell quality, and egg albumen height

• Principle of molting usually requires a reduction of light and feed

  • (do/do not) reduce water intake

improve, do not

Feeding breeders

• Feeds should be formulated to contain

  • ______________ levels of the fat-soluble vitamins E and K

  • ____________ soluble vitamins riboflavin, pantothenic acid, and cobalamin

  • Trace mineral manganese

Increased, Water

Feeding breeds – restricted feeds

• Involves ____________ feed intake during the growing period

  • Observing body weight status of a given flock of broiler breeders 

    • Restricting feed intake can prevent them from becoming overly ______

  • Consider environmental conditions and strains of bird involved

  • In addition to reducing lipid content, growth reduction ____________ the incidence of ascites and leg problems

• Success if dependent on highly fortified diets to overcome the imposed feed restriction

  • Nutrients of concern include thiamine, biotin, vitamin B12, Mn, and Zn

  • Also need ______________ levels of riboflavin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, and folacin

limiting, fat, reduces, increased

Feeding breeders – nutrition for males

• Separate feeding

  • Use raised feeders for the males

  • Narrow limited-access feeders for females

  • Males should be checked periodically for body weight

    • Weight losses of 10-15% have been shown to _______________ fertilizing capacity

decrease

A bit about turkeys

• Protein requirements decrease from 28% with starting poults to 14% for mature breeders

  • Energy requirements tend to ______________, ranging from 2800 to 3300 kcals/kg, and dropping to 2900 kcal/kg for breeders

• ___________ feeds recommended

• antibiotics/coccidiostats are desirable in starter rations, use in developer rations is optional

increase, Mash

What is a vertically integrated company?

• A company that owns ___________ stages of production:

  • Genetics

  • Feed mills

  • Bird production

  • Processing

  • Sometimes restaurants

multiple

Nutritional benefit of owning feed mills

• Better control of:

  • ____________ quality

  • Nutrient formulation

  • Medication inclusion

  • Feed __________

Feed, costs

Why are replacement pullets limit-fed?

• _______ sexual maturity

• ____________ final body size

• Improve egg size and later production

• _________ mortality

Slow, increase, Reduce

Why are broiler breeders limit-fed?

• Prevent excessive fatness

• ___________ ascites and leg problems

• ___________ reproductive performance

Reduce, Improve

Main component of a broiler diet

• Usually high-energy grain/concentrate feeds (primarily ____________)

corn

What happens to nutrient levels in phased diets as broilers grow?

• Protein ______________

• Energy stays constant or slightly ____________

decreases, increases

Why is calcium important?

• Essential for ___________ formation

eggshell

Sources of supplemental calcium

• Oyster shell granules

• Calcium-containing ________

grit

When do layers lay their first egg?

• Around ______ weeks of age

16

What happens during molting?

• Birds naturally stop laying and replace ___________

feathers

Benefits of forced molting

• Improves:

  • Rate of lay

  • Shell __________

  • Egg albumen height

quality

Is feed increased or limited during molting?

• Feed is ___________

• Water (should/should NOT) be restricted

restricted, should not

Largest input cost in poultry production

• __________ cost

  • About 75% of poultry production costs

Feed

What are coccidia?

• _____________ parasites/protozoa affecting poultry

Intestinal

How are coccidia managed?

• Use of coccidiostats

• Good __________ and management

• Often included in starter feeds

sanitation