Cytology Lecture Notes Practice Flashcards

A comprehensive set of fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering cytology topics including cell structure, metabolism, genetics, and reproduction based on provided lecture notes.

In a eukaryotic cell, __________ are the sites of protein synthesis.

vibosomes

The classification of organelles includes double-membrane organelles such as the nucleus, __________, and cloroplast.

mitocondrian

When comparing cells, animal cells possess __________ while plant cells do not.

centriol

In prokaryotic cells, hair-like structures used for movement or attaching to surfaces are called __________.

Flagella

The process of bacterial reproduction where a piece of DNA is transferred from a donor to a recipient by a virus is termed __________.

Transduction

Bacteria that obtain nutrition from dead organic material are called __________.

Saprotrophs

The protein sheath found around the nucleic acid core of a virus is the __________.

Capsid

The property of water known as __________ is the ability of water molecules to attract other molecules.

Adhesion

Water is a universal solvent because its molecules are attracted to ions and polar molecules, which are __________.

hydrophilic

The primary structure of a protein is its linear sequence of amino acids held together by __________ bonds.

peptide

Secondary protein structures like $\alpha$-helics are found in __________ and $\beta$ pleated sheets are found in silk fibrain.

keratin

Hemoglobin is an example of the __________ structure of proteins, consisting of 4 subunits.

Quartenary

Steroids are lipids characterized by a structure of __________ carbon rings.

4

Unsaturated fatty acids are characterized by containing __________ double bonds.

1/\uparrow

In carbohydrates, disaccharides such as sucrose are composed of __________ and __________.

Glucose + Fructose

Subunits in polysaccharides are joined by covalent bonds known as __________ Bonds.

Glysodic

Enzymes act as biological catalysts and their activity can be decreased by __________ inhibitors, which bind to the allosteric site.

Non competitive

In the cell membrane, the phospholipid __________ consists of 2 fatty acids and is hydrophobic.

Tail

In a __________ solution, the concentration C1 is less than C2.

hypertonic

During the function of the sodium-potassium pump, the pump binds with __________ ions of Na.

3

In DNA structure, the pyrimidines include Cytosine, Thymine (in DNA), and __________ (in RNA).

Uracil

The enzyme __________ unwind DNA and cuts hydrogen bonds between strands during replication.

Helicase

The __________ strand of DNA is synthesized discontinuously in the 5' to 3' direction.

Lagging

The genetic code is __________ because one amino acid can be coded by several triplets.

degenarate

In transcription initiation within eukaryotes, a collection of __________ mediates the attachment of RNA-pol to the promoter.

proteins

The mRNA start codon __________ codes for the amino acid met.

AUG

The dark reactions of photosynthesis, also known as the __________ cycle, take place in the stroma.

Calvin

In the C4 pathway, CO2 is fixed in the __________ cell to form oxaloacetate.

mesophyll

Glycolysis results in the production of 2 molecules of pyruvate, which has the chemical formula $\mathbf{C_3H_4O_3}$.

pyruvate

The Krebs cycle takes place in the __________ of the mitocondrian.

matrix

In oxidative phosphorylation, the enzyme __________ uses hydrogen electrical potential energy to synthesize ATP.

ATP synthase

During Meiosis I, chromosomes condense and homologous chromosomes pair up to form a __________.

bivalent

The reproduction of a zygote, such as monozygotic twins in humans, is called __________.

polyembryony

Development from a non-fertilized ovum is a type of sexual reproduction called __________.

Parthenogenesis

The __________ of a spermatocyte contains a haploid nucleus and an acrosome.

Head

In oocyte structure, the outer layer of follicular cells is known as the __________.

corona radiata

The embryonic stage characterized by a hollow ball of cells with a fluid-filled cavity is the __________.

blastula