Unit 3 Health and Human Development Mid-Year Exam Flashcards

Practice flashcards for Unit 3 Health and Human Development covering DALY, HALE, dimensions of health, health models, and the Ottawa Charter.

What is the definition of a DALY?

A measure of burden of disease where one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury.

How is HALE calculated according to the notes?

It is a measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth, including an adjustment for time spent in poor health, representing the years in full health a person can expect to live.

What relates to the 'Physical' dimension of health and wellbeing?

The functioning of the body and its systems, including the physical capacity to perform daily activities and tasks.

Identify two characteristics of optimal physical health and wellbeing.

Healthy body weight and adequate energy levels.

What is the focus of the 'Mental' dimension of health and wellbeing?

The current state of wellbeing relating to the mind/brain and the ability to think and process info.

List two indicators of optimal mental health and wellbeing.

Low levels of anxiety and stress, and being optimistic with positive thought patterns.

Define the 'Emotional' dimension of health and wellbeing.

The ability to recognise, express, and manage emotions positively, cope with challenges, and demonstrate resilience.

What are two signs of optimal emotional health and wellbeing?

Being able to display resilience and the ability to respond to and manage your own emotions appropriately.

What does the 'Social' dimension of health and wellbeing involve?

The ability to form and maintain meaningful relationships and adapt appropriately to different social situations.

Which dimension relates to finding meaning and purpose in life through beliefs, values, ethics, and hope?

Spiritual health and wellbeing.

What does it mean for health and wellbeing to be 'Dynamic'?

It means the state of health is constantly changing, such as a person being pain-free one moment and injured the next.

Why is health and wellbeing considered 'Subjective'?

Because it refers to something that can be viewed differently by different people, such as an older person prioritizing independent living versus a younger person prioritizing physical fitness.

What is the distinction between 'Illness' and 'Disease'?

Illness is a subjective concept related to personal experience, whereas disease is a physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction, or tissue damage.

How does optimal health and wellbeing act as a resource nationally regarding taxes?

More people can attend work and contribute tax revenue to the government to spend on national priorities.

How does optimal health and wellbeing serve as a resource globally?

People are more likely to attend work and contribute to global trade/economic development, and it reduces the risk of disease transmission between countries.

Define biological factors in the context of health.

Factors that relate to the body and its functions which can impact on our health, such as body weight or blood pressure.

How can high blood pressure affect health status as a biological factor?

It can damage the kidneys, which are responsible for filtering blood, leading to an increased prevalence of kidney disease.

What are sociocultural factors?

The social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age, such as socioeconomic status or cultural traditions.

How does a lower SES (Socioeconomic status) impact dental health?

An individual may be less able to afford regular dental check-ups, leading to an increase in the incidence of dental caries.

Define environmental factors of health.

The physical surroundings in which we live, work and play, including working conditions and the housing environment.

How can the housing environment impact health status regarding HALE?

Exposure to dust or pet hair can aggravate airways and contribute to conditions like asthma, thereby reducing the HALE for affected individuals.

How does smoking cause cancer according to the notes?

Smoking causes cells to be damaged, resulting in DNA mutations which lead to uncontrolled cell growth and tumours.

Why is overweight and obesity a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

It places extra strain on the heart as it has to work harder to move blood to all body tissues, increasing heart attack risk.

What was the focus of 'Old public health'?

Government measures to improve the physical environment and reduce infectious diseases through safe water, sanitation, housing, and nutrition.

What are the two specific infectious diseases mentioned as targets of old public health?

Diarrhea and Cholera.

What is the definition of the biomedical approach to health?

A model that focuses on the biological and physical causes of disease, emphasizing diagnosis, treatment, and cure by health professionals.

Give a strength and a limitation of the biomedical approach.

Strength: Increases life expectancy by treating previously fatal illnesses; Limitation: It is costly to governments due to expensive medical technology and professional training.

What defines the social model of health?

A model that focuses on preventing health conditions by addressing physical, social, cultural, and political factors that influence health.

Identify the three listed action areas of the Ottawa Charter for health promotion.

1. Build healthy public policy; 2. Create supportive environments; 3. Strengthen community actions.

Provide an example of the Ottawa Charter action area 'Create supportive environments'.

Shaded school areas or $40\,\text{km/h}$ school zones.