Cell Biology and Human Organ Systems

Vocabulary terms covering cell theory, organelles, cell division, specialized cells, and major human organ systems.

Cell Theory

The scientific theory stating that all living things are made of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Nucleus

Organelle that controls cell activities and contains DNA.

Cell Membrane

Structure that controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like substance where organelles are found.

Mitochondria

Known as the "powerhouse" of the cell; produces energy through cellular respiration.

Ribosomes

Organelles that make proteins.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

System that transports proteins and materials through the cell.

Golgi Apparatus

Organelle that modifies, packages, and ships proteins.

Vacuole

Organelle used to store water, nutrients, and waste; it is larger in plant cells.

Cell Wall

Found only in plant cells; provides support and protection.

Chloroplast

Found only in plant cells; contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis.

Interphase

Part of the cell cycle where the cell grows and DNA replicates.

Mitosis

Process that produces two identical daughter cells.

Prophase

Stage of mitosis where chromosomes become visible and the nuclear membrane disappears.

Metaphase

Stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up in the middle.

Anaphase

Stage of mitosis where chromosomes separate.

Telophase

Stage of mitosis where two nuclei form.

Cytokinesis

The final stage where the cell splits into two cells.

Cancer

Condition caused by uncontrolled cell division resulting from mutations in DNA; can form tumors.

Red Blood Cell

A specialized cell that carries oxygen.

Nerve Cell

A specialized cell that transmits signals.

Muscle Cell

A specialized cell that contracts to produce movement.

Root Hair Cell

A specialized cell that absorbs water and minerals.

Tissues

A group of similar cells working together, such as muscle, nervous, or epithelial tissue.

Organs

Groups of tissues working together, such as the heart, stomach, or lungs.

Digestive System

System that breaks down food and absorbs nutrients; main organs include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

Respiratory System

System responsible for gas exchange; main organs include the nose, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

Circulatory System

System that transports oxygen, nutrients, and wastes; main parts include the heart, blood, and blood vessels.