A&P Exam 3 - Electrolyte, fluid and pH balance

What are the 2 main fluid compartments and where is most bodily fluid found

1. intercellular fluid: fluid inside cells, makes up most of fluid (2/3)

2. extracellular fluid: fluid outside cells, makes up 1/3 fluid

What does most water gain and loss come from

gain: drinking liquids, water in food, metabolic water (produced by body)

loss: urine (main way), sweat, breathing, feces

What are anions and cations

anions: negatively charged molecules that gain electrons

cations: positively charged molecules from losing electrons

What ions are found in ICF and what is the main cation and anion

ions: potassium, magnesium, phosphate

main cation: potassium

main anion: phosphate

What ions are found in the ECF and what is the main cation and anion

ions: sodium, calcium, chloride

main cation: sodium

main anion: chloride

What is hyponatremia and hypernatremia

hyponatremia: low Na, hypernatremia: high Na

What is hypokalemia and hyperkalemia

hypokalemia: low K, hyperkalemia: high K

What is hypochloremia and hyperchloremia

hypochloremia: low Cl, hyperchloremia: high Cl

What is hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia

hypocalcemia: low Ca, hypercalcemia: high Ca

What is hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphotemia

hypophosphatemia: low PO, hyperphosphatemia: high PO

What is hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia

hypomagnesemia: low Mg, hypermagnesemia: high Mg

Functions of sodium

controls fluid balance and blood pressure

Functions of potassium

important for nerve and muscle function

Functions of chloride

helps maintain fluid and acid-base balance

Functions of calcium

needed for muscle contraction and blood clotting

Functions of phosphate

energy production, bone and teeth formation, cell membrane structure, acid-base balance, genetic material

Functions of magnesium

cofactor for enzymes, helps produce and use ATP, regulates muscle contraction and relaxation, supports nerve function, helps maintain normal heart rhythm

What is the difference between hypovolemia and dehydration

hypovolemia is a decrease in the volume of blood plasma, while dehydration is when there is more water loss than gain

What are the causes of hypovolemia

loss of fluid from the body or bloodstream from severe dehydration, excessive bleeding (hemorrhage), vomiting or diarrhea, and burns (fluid loss through skin)

What are the causes of dehydration

sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, low intake of water

What are the roles of ADH and aldestrone in fluid balance

ADH: increases water reabsorption in kidneys and roduces less, concentrated urine

aldestrone: Increases sodium reabsorption for less water loss

How does the body restore homeostasis if you are dehydrated

• Triggering thirst

• release ADH so kidneys conserve water

• Activating the renin-angiotensin-aldestrone system which increases water and sodium retention and raises blood pressure

What are acids

substance that release H⁺ ions in water, pH less than 7

What are bases

substance that accepts H⁺ ions or releases hydroxide ions, pH more than 7

What is the difference between a weak acid and a strong acid

weak acid: acids that partially dissociate in water, releasing some H⁺ ions, higher pH, ex carbonic acid

strong acid: acids that completely dissociate in water, releasing all their H⁺ ions, very low pH, ex sulfuric acid

What is a buffer

substances that resist changes in pH by binding or releasing hydrogen ions

What is hypotonic vs hypertonic

hypotonic: water moves into the cell causing cell to burst

hypertonic: water moves out of the cell causing cell to shrink