Exam 3 Gen Bio 2

How do deuterostomes develop?

radial, indeterminant cleavage

Do deuterostomes develop anus first or mouth first?

anus first

If 4 cells of an embryo that are indeterminant in development are separated, can each cell form a complete organism?

yes

What are the phyla of deuterostomes?

• Echinoderms

• Chordates

Are Echinoderms invertebrates or vertebrates?

invertebrates

Are Chordates invertebrates or vertebrates?

vertebrates

What are some organisms can be found in phylum echinodermata?

• sea stars

• brittle stars

• sea urchins

What type of skeleton do echinoderms have?

endoskeleton

What type of symmetry do echinoderms have?

pentaradial

Where do organisms of phylum echinodermata mostly inhabit?

exclusively marine

What are the body features of phylum echinodermata?

• complete digestive system

• primitive nervous system

• endoskeleton

• water vascular system

Do organisms in phylum echinodermata have a true respiratory and circulatory system?

no

What is the role of the water vascular system in organisms of the echinodermata?

act as the respiratory and circulatory system

What are the classes of phylum echinodermata?

• crinoidea

• asteroidea

• ophiuroidea

• echinoidea

• holothuroidea

What organism is associated with class crinoidea?

sea lillies

What is the oldest class of living echinodermata?

crinoidea

Organisms in class crinoidea are animals but what do they resemble?

plants

True or False: Organisms in class crinoidea latch on rocks to feed and can creep or swim away to avoid predators.

True

What organism is associated with class asteroidea?

sea star

What do the bodies of organisms in class asteroidea consist of?

central disk

What radiates from the central disk of sea stars?

5 to 20 arms

What is the endoskeleton of class asteroidea made of?

calcium carbonate plates

What can sea stars feed on?

• crustaceans

• mollusks

• annelids

• small fish

What do the digestion glands of the sea stars do?

aids in the digestion of food particles

What is the function of the ampulla in class asteroidea?

stores fluid to use it to separate the tube feet

What are the tube feet on organisms of class asteroidea used for?

locomotion

What organism is associated with class ophiuroidea?

brittle stars and basket stars

What’s the difference between organisms of class asteroidea (sea stars) and class ophiuroidea (brittle stars)?

brittle stars have more slender arms compared to sea stars

What organism is associated to class echinoidea?

sea urchins and sand dollars

Does organisms in class echinoidea have arms?

no

What is the shell of the organisms in class echinoidea called

test

How is the test (shell) of the organisms in class echinoidea formed?

skeletal plates are flattened and fused

True or False: Sea urchins do not have spikes.

False

What type of diet is the organisms of class echinoidea?

omnivores so they only eat animals and plants

What organism is associated with the class holothuroidea?

sea cucumbers

Describe the body of organisms in class holothuroidea.

• elongated

• flexible

• mouth surrounded by tentacles

When sea cucumbers are attacked they will undergo a process called evisceration. What does this process entail?

when parts of digestive tract, respiratory system, or gonads are ejected form the body

Will the parts lost in the process of evisceration be regenerated?

yes

What type of body cavity do the organisms in phylum chordata possess?

coelomates

What are the features found within organisms of phylum chordata?

• nerve cord

• notochord

• pharyngeal slits

• postanal tail

What can the notochord be replaced with when the embryo develops?

vertebral column

What are the subphylas of phylum chordata?

• urochordata

• cephalochordata

• vertebrata

Out of the subphyla of phylum chordata, which subphylas are nonvertebrate?

• urochordata

• cephalochordata

What organism is associated to the subphyla urochordata?

tunicate

Describe the larvae and the features subphyla urochordata possess.

• larvae are tadpole-like

• have notochord and nerve chord

• free swimming but do not feed

What features do adults in the subphyla urochordata usually lose?

• tail

• notochord

What organism is associated to the subphyla cephalochordata?

lancelet

Does the notochord persist though the life of organism in the subphyla cephalochordata?

yes

Do organisms in subphyla cephalochordata have a distinguishable head?

no

Where do organisms of the subphyla cephalochordata spend most of their inhabitance?

partly buried

What do organisms in the subphyla cephalochordata feed on?

plankton

How are the organisms in the subphylum Vertebrata different from nonvertebrates?

vertebral column

What is the function of the vertebral column?

encloses and protects the dorsal nerve cord

What can the endoskeleton of a vertebra be made of?

cartilage or bone

What is the function of the kidneys in organisms of the subphylum Vertebrata?

regulate fluid balance (osmoregulation)

Do organisms in the subphylum Vertebrata have pronounced cephalization?

Yes

What developed sense organs do organisms of the subphylum Vertebrata have?

• eyes

• ears

• small organs

• taste organs

What type of circulatory system do organisms in the subphylum Vertebrata have?

closed

What type of digestive system do organisms in the subphylum Vertebrata have?

closed

Describe the brain of organisms in the subphylum Vertebrata.

• enlarged

• more complex

• regions of specialization

What is the most diverse vertebrate group?

fishes

What vertebrate group provided the evolutionary base for the invasion of land by amphibians?

fishes

What are the characteristics of fishes?

• vertebral column

• jaws

• paired appendages

• internal gills

• single loop blood circulation

• nutritional deficiencies

What is the route of blood/gas circulation in a fish’s body?

heart → gills → tissues and back to heart

What fishes don’t have a vertebral column?

• hagfish

• lamprey

How many chambers does the fish heart have?

2

Describe the oral region of the first fishes.

had mouths with no jaws

What fishes were the earliest fish?

• hagfish

• lamprey

How can a jawless fish’s body (hagfish/lamprey) be described?

eel-shaped that have elongated bodies

What is the endoskeleton of jawless fish made of?

cartilage

Do jawless fish have a notochord all through their life?

yes

What do hagfish feed on?

• burrow for worms

• feed on dead marine life

What is the category of feeders that hagfish belong to?

scavengers

What do lampreys feed on?

blood from the host

What allows lampreys to suck on their host to get blood to feed on?

circular sucking disk around mouth

What is the category of feeders that lampreys belong to?

parasites

What are the jaws of fish derived from?

anterior gill arches

What were the early fishes?

• Spiny Fishes (Acanthodians)

• Armored Fishes (Placoderms)

Are the early fishes extinct or not?

extinct

Describe the skin of the spiny fish.

small plates of bone

How is the jaw of the armored fish designed?

fused to the skull while the skull is also hinged on the shoulder

What animals are a part of class chondrichthyes?

• sharks

• skates

• rays

How is the skeleton of the class chrondrichthyes designed?

cartilage calcified with granules of calcium carbonate

What are denticles, and where are they found?

a toothlike structure composed of an outer layer of enamel and an inner layer of dentin that can be found in the skin of class chrondrichthyes

Where do the teeth of organisms in class chrondrichthyes evolve from?

scales from the skin

Which organisms have a fully developed lateral line system?

• sharks

• bony fish

What is the lateral line system?

series of sensory organs under the skin that detects changes in pressure waves

How are eggs fertilized in sharks?

internally

Since sharks have long gestation periods, how does this correlate to the number of offspring produced?

few offsprings are produced

What are the reproductive strategies?

• Oviparous

• Ovoviviparous

• Viviparous

Define the reproduction strategy of oviparous organisms.

organisms that reproduce by laying eggs

Define the reproduction strategy of ovoviparous organisms.

producing eggs that develop within the maternal body (ex. egg)

Define the reproduction strategy of viviparous organisms.

develop inside the body of the parent

What class is the most species-rich group of all vertebrates?

class osteichthyes (bony fishes)

Where can bony fishes be found?

freshwater and marine

What is the endoskeleton of bony fishes made of?

bones

What is the swim bladder that is found in the bony fish?

gas-filled sac that allows bony fishes to regulate their buoyant density

What hard plate covers the gills?

operculum

What is the function of the operculum?

permits water pumping over gills when flexed

What muscular valve allows gas to be released from the swim bladder?

oval body