Anatomy Practical Exam Revision

a) Identify the Organelle b) Describe its function

Plasma Membrane

The plasma membrane is a barrier separating the inside and outside of a cell. Its functions include:

• structural support

• controls the passage of materials between the inside and outside of the cell

• allows the cell to be identified to other cells

• allows the cell to communicate with other cells

a) Identify the organelle b) describe its function

Nucleus

The control centre of the cell, by coordinating the cell’s activities.

• Nuclear envelope: has nuclear pores allowing substance to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

• Has one organelle called the nucleolus which contains RNA and proteins and is essential for protein synthesis

• DNA and histones to form chromatin

a) Identify the organelle b) describe its function

Cytoplasm

• Provides structure

• Facilitates transport

• Stores essential nutrients

a) identify the organelle b) Describe its function

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Ribosomes on the ER - Protein Synthesis

• Folds proteins into correct shape

• Discards proteins that are incorrectly folded

a) identify the organelle

b) Describe its function

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

• Lacks Ribosomes

• Carbohydrate or lipid or steroid synthesis

• Enzymatic degradation

• Special role in muscles

a) Identify the organelle

b) Describe its function

Golgi apparatus

• Consists of flattened sacs of membranes and vesicles

• Modifies, sorts, packages and transports proteins received from the Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Forms small membrane bound vesicles into small membrane bound secretory vesicles

a) Identify the organelle

b) Describe its function

Lysosome

• Contains powerful digestive enzymes

• Autophagy: digestion of organelles

• Autolysis: destroy the cell

Identify the organelle

Mitochondria

• Provides energy to the cell (ATP)

• Site of fatty acid oxidation, citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

a) What type of tissue is shown in the image

b) Describe its function

Connective Tissue

Clues: (Cells are spread out, Lots of background material, May see fibres, Not tightly packed)

• Supporting and binding together tissues and also found in between organs

• Support, Protection, Insulation, Storage energy reserves, Transportation

Identify each muscle tissues from left to right

Describe its function

• cardiac muscle (long, striated, branching fibres)

• skeletal muscle (Long striated, parallel fibres)

• smooth muscle (Small Non-striates, spindle shaped fibres)

Describe the function of muscle (contractile) tissue

• Generates force and movement through contraction and relaxation

• Enables voluntary body movement, posture, joint stability and heat production

Identify the tissue

Nervous tissue

Describe the function of the nervous tissue

Consists of neutrons which sends nerve impulses and neuroglia cells that support neurons.

Forms the nervous system

Converts stimuli into electrical impulse

Describe the function of Epithelial Tissue

• Selective barrier that limits or aids transfer of substances into and out of the body

• Secretory surface that releases products produced by the cells onto its free surfaces, filtration, secretion, absorption, and excretion

• Protective surface that resists the abrasive influences of the environment

Identify the epithelium covering

Simple Squamous

Describe the function of simple squamous tissue

• Rapid passive transport

• Diffusion (gases/nutrients)

• Filtration (fluids)

• Secretion of lubrication