History test Fall of Roman Empire

Why did constantine move the capital from Rome

So he could clearly define Christianity as the official religion of the he empire, and so he could implement new technology developed in Rome in the new capital.

What was the problem engineers of the young city of Constantinople faced

There was a massive population but not enough water bc only one aqueduct. So they had to construct a massive aqueduct.

What was the significance of Constantinople

It was a great change in religion to Christianity from pagan gods, New tech knowledge my allowed for great feats of engineering a moder rome. It was the start of a new empire in the east.

What role did after both fresh and salt play in the development and security of the city

The scarcity of freshwater made development difficult before construction of the aqueduct. saltwater played a large role in the cities defense it created a natural barrier on part of the city

What was the significance of the theodosian walls

The walls will creation of emperor Theodosius. The walls hope to send off mini attackers of the Byzantine Empire most notably it scared the Huns off from attacking it was the greatest one of the greatest wallsever built and added to cost to constantinobke defensive reputation.

Who are Justinian and Theodora

They were emporer and co emporer during the height of the Byzantine empire. They were extremely busy and very productive, but to accomplish all their goals they had to tax which almost caused a revolution or riot until Theodora murdered thousands of the rebels.

Who are the blues and greens. How does Justinian deal with the political pressure that these groups attempt to place on him

They were political parties upset at the emporer and were rebellious, they burned a third of the city down.

What was the crowning achievement in justinians building plan

The hagia Sophie, one of the largest domes In the world and largest churches ever, it was Christian but later turned into a Islamic mosque.

What is the significance of one God, one empire, one law

This sums up the Byzantine empire because it was formed in order to start almost a fresh Rome where there was one clear God, no more pagan idols, one defined smaller empire, and a uniform clear and concise code of laws compared to the infinite number of Roman laws.

What were the problems that weakens the Roman Empire

Economic- food shortages due to outdated tech. Military- constant wars with nomadic people in the north like Huns and Germanic tribes. And lastly political and social- extensive territory was difficult to govern, corruption, and declining loyalty to the empire.

East west divide chronolgy of emporers

Diocletian then Constantine then lastly theodosuis.

Diocletian

Roman emporer who attempted to reform the empire both militarily then economicly. In 285 he split the empire in two, the west is appointed a new head (Maximian). 306 a civil war breaks out over control of both halves.

Constantine

After civil war Constantine gains control of the western half (312). Controls Eastern half by 324 and the empire is reunited. He shifts the capital from Rome to Byzantium (present day turkey) he renamed the capital Constantinople.

Theodosius

(347-395) last emperor to control both the east and west of the empire. After his death his sons split up and each govern the west and east as separates. Arcadius in the east and honorius in the west.

Legend of the true cross

(Fresco) story of the cross of Jesus and how Constantine found it leading to conversion of Christianity. Before a battle (with maxentuis) Constantine had a dream that told him to fight in the name of the cross to win. He send his mother to find the cross, and once they find it the build a church for it (church of the holy sepulcher) (In 615 Persian King chosroes steels the wood and Eastern Emperor Heraclium wages war and returns wood to Jerusalem Enters city carrying cross like Jesus to show humility.

Differences between east and west

The main difference was wealth. The east was much wealthier because of its location because to trade , counties had to pass through it making it a hub for trade. It also had larger fortifications and bigger cities. The Black Sea provided extra security. The west was less wealthy because further away form trade routes had less prosperous cities. More exposed to attack form barbarians, also had poorly organized armies. Combined political, economic, social, and military problems led to the fall of Rome in the West in 476 C.E.

Impact of the fall of the Roman Empire

Impact?

- Infrastructure, trade, and commerce in decline - Germanic kingdoms claim former Roman lands àpower vacuum - Roman Catholic Church becomes strong unifying force in Western Europe - Eastern Empire (Byzantine) continues for almost another 1000 years

Reign of justinia

The hiehgt of the first period of byzantine history (324 - 632) was the riehgn of emporer justinian and his wife theodora ( 537-565). Under Justinian Byzantine saw a lot of change, it's territory size grew almost double (reaching all the way to Italy and bottom top of Africa), the city's building and new monuments built, and the city was brought toghther by justinians new laws and administration.

Unification of byzantine empire

First: Law. Justinian collected and revised old roman law to create his corpus jurus civilis. Which later served as a fdatoin for law during the renissance until the 19th century. Second: religioin like law acted as a imperial centralization. In 380 christisnity was proclaimed as the official religion, making all other religions demeneted or insane. Third: strong cities, byzantines more than 1500 cities connected through the same prinicple lead to a great income of wealth. And also defensive superoity in cities like contantinople. Many of today's wonders were built by justinian due to his ambitious building plan. Fourth: administration change when the councils of usually unloyal wealthy land owners was replaced by a group of governors and bishops who showed much more loyalty to the empire.

How was the crusade justified.

Like many Christians of the west they though that the Muslims and east were savages and barbarians, who needed gods saving. ironically the east and Muslims though the same about the west (without the gods saving justifying it)

Pope urban II

The pope in charge of the crusade. In his letter (1095) he justifies the invasion saying that the Muslims are destroying churches and are barbaric and blasphemous, then he offers people to joint promising they will get into heaven easier.

Investiture controversy

A series of conflicts between pope and kings mainly about the Kings abuse of power by electing and giving land to bishops in return for church related favors. This upset the pope beacouse it threatend his power and went against the idea that the pope was the almighty ruler and the ability to elect bishops was his power only. Eventually this lead to excommunication between Henry IV and pope gregory VII who both thinke they have the power to elect bishopes which eventsully leads to war.

The first crusade

After already having made pilgrimages to holy lands the west jumps on the offer to help the east fend of the invading Muslims. The crusade were armed expeditions to east to free holy land from Islamic rule. The crusade stimulated trade, encouraged growth towns, established stable western political order. On the other hand it drained west resources, worsened Christian Muslim and eastern Christians, zeal leads to riots and pogroms against Jews. Christians view the crusade as an act of religious devotion, their duty to correct evils of this world. Made possible by the overpopulation of Knights who had little work, this made them famous. The first was the only true victory, rest basically fails.

Results of crusade

New military and religious orders founded (Templars..). Military and warfare advancements through defensive war. Economic stimulation (and losses) encouraged exploration and expansion and spread Christianity.

Saladin

Sultan of Syria and Egypt emperor of the ayyubid empire which was at conflict with the west during the crusades.

Type of combat Knights and samurai

Knights were shock and samurai were projectile.

Hierarchy of Japanese fuedilism

Merchants (lowest because they produced nothing of their own.) Peasant (artisans included- workers who make their craft) , samurai (private owned warriors under daimyo command) , daimyo (wealthy land owners) , shogun, emperor.

Who had the power in japan

Shogun beacouse he was the military commander, the empower was more of a figure.

Japanese religion

Buddhism and Shinto

Japan currency

They worked of a system of barter

Similarities between the Japan and west

Both had powering peasent tied to the land (due to taxes in japan and west) called serfs. Both Knights and samurai had codes of conduct. both served nobles who then served a king or emperor.

Differences between Japan and the west

Samurai sword had no legal contract with the lord, but the Knights signed a contract of fealty. Japan had an extra class and was more clan tribes rivalry that the knight were fended of outsiders.

Western feudalism

Economic system of manorialsim and government of feudalism. The Knights were vassals for the lords, which were vassals for the king. A vassal are those loyal in service to a person above them. Power came from those who could provide protection in this war filled time.

The Franks

A small growing group of people during the decline of the Roman Empire. Thanks to pepin the short They became dominant once the sided with the pope in exchange that they received and the churches powers and they offere the church protectoin wiht thier powerful army. Also known as the carolinginas. Valued military supeiortiy and religoin in a leader.

Charlemagne

Crowned by pope of Rome. Migrated into Europe from the east then consialitade Europe by 800 time of Charlemagne. Educate to create a Christian empire. Charliemihgn needed to create new laws form the Romans and make them better. He made himself divinely ordained to spread Christian faith. Carolingian empire after charlimghn. Needed to educate so he could expose the nation to correct catholism. Christians was diverse bc no unity in Europe. Learning was very important to Charlemagne. Made the palatine chapel. He educate the big religious poeple so they could properly read the bible and other things. During this time Latin begins to change making other languages. Scribes became more common while rewriting. They created minis use script. Wanted to make writing simpler so he more poeple could read it and understand, and the time required to write books and scripts would be less. Made simple writing.

He was all about standerdizing reforming and correcting. Bringing order to dark ages. He was intimidating beacouse he was also ruthless. The revival of ancient Christine Rome. 90% of ancient texts survived because of charlemighns scribes.

Creation of books and writing advancements. Invented modern Europe by unifying language religion money and education. Likes education he even educated his daughters.

Petrine doctrine

A sermon tells how saint peter is a pope and his powers on earht and how he is a version lf god on earth. They justify it in the sermon and tell that its powers are passed down perpetually.

Harun al rashid

5th caliph of the abbyssad caliphate during time of charlemagne, he was considered to responsible for the golden age of arabic world with advancents of math and science far ahead of charlemagne court.

Irene of athens

Ruler of the byzantine empire during charlemagnes time, most known for her revival of icons to the esstern orthodox church.

Differences between east and west churches

East allowed church to be spoke in greek and and latin but west only latin. The east the emporer was the most powerful and the second most powerul church person was the patrairch, the west had the pope who was the most powrful man in both churches which angered the east. The east banned icons before irene, the esdt was less conservative and allowed remarriage, where the west followdd the scriptures word form word. Not allowing things like remarraige.

Schism of 1054

After many different practies the churches split by excommunicating eachother effectivly splitting the esst and west.

Iconoclasm

Pope leo III bans use of icons and destroys any religous images like crosses.

Treaty of verdun

After the death of charlemagne the treaty split the franks empire into three parts ending the reighn leading into the wester fuedalism due to undefined ruler.

Anna comnena

Emperors alexuis duaghter who wrote a book on her fathers legacy, she experinced the first crusade with disfain of the west thinking them barbaric.

Christianity in byzantine empire

During hieght of empire much gold was aquired, and since the ruler was strongly connected to the church many great churches full of gold and jewels were built. Prestige and comfort of the clergys lead to an increase in their ranks.