A&P Exam 1

Anatomy

Structure of the human body

Physiology

Function of the human body and how all parts interact with each other

Structural levels of organization

Atom-molecule-organelle-cell-tissue-organ-organ system-organism

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a stable internal environment

Integumentary system

Protects, synthesizes vitamin D, regulates body temperature

Skeletal system

Provides structural support, makes blood cells

Muscular system

Allows for manipulation of the environment (movement); generates heat

Nervous system

Sends and receives electrical signals to control body functions

Endocrine system

Hormone regulation for metabolism, growth, reproduction, etc.

Cardiovascular system

Transports gases, nutrients, and wastes throughout the body

Lymphatic system

Fights off foreign bodies to keep you healthy

Respiratory system

Provides gas exchange for body cells

Digestive system

Absorbs nutrients necessary for survival

Urinary system

Regulates body fluids, electrolyte balance, pH balance, etc.

Reproductive system

Produces gametes for potential offspring

Valence electrons

Part of an atom involved in chemical reactions

Ionic bond

Gives/receives electrons

Covalent bond

Shares electrons

pH scale

0 is acidic, 7 is neutral, 14 is basic

DNA

Blueprint of genetic material, double-stranded, base pairing adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine

RNA

Synthesizes proteins based on DNA information, single-stranded, base pairing uracil-adenine and guanine-cytosine

mRNA

Messenger that transmits information to build a protein from DNA

tRNA

Transfer; brings amino acids necessary to build protein

rRNA

Ribosomal; synthesizes (builds) proteins

Carbohydrates

Sugars converted to ATP for energy; monomer:monosaccharides; polymers:disaccharides and polysaccharides

Lipids

Fats for energy storage, insulation, and protection; monomers:fatty acids; polymers:triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

Proteins

Highly variable in function, composed of 4 structural levels; monomer:amino acids

Nucleic acids

DNA and RNA; stores and reads genetic information; monomers:nucleotides

Passive transport

Works along a concentration gradient, no energy required

Active transport

Works against a concentration gradient, requires energy (ATP)

Common cell structures

Cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

Nucleus

Control center of the cell, contains DNA

Mitochondria

Site of cellular respiration to produce energy (ATP)

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis

Lysosomes

Break down substances via digestive enzymes; “suicide sacs”

Rough ER

Synthesizes proteins and builds new membrane

Smooth ER

Produces lipids/hormones

Golgi apparatus

Packages, sorts, and modifies molecules for transport in/out of cell

Vesicle

Pouches that transport materials in/out of cell

Centrioles

Involved in cell division

Isotonic solution

Solute levels equal inside and outside the cell; nothing happens to the cell

Hypotonic solution

Lower solute levels outside the cell; cell swells and may burst (cytolysis)

Hypertonic solution

Higher solute levels outside the cell; cell shrivels and may die (crenation)

Interphase

Basic metabolic functions and DNA replication

Mitosis

Nuclear division

Prophase

Nuclear envelope breaks down, chromatin condenses to form chromosomes

Metaphase

Chromosomes cluster along the middle of the cell

Anaphase

Replicated chromosomes split apart and are pulled towards opposing poles

Telophase

Two cells begin splitting apart, nuclear envelopes develop

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasmic division

Serous membranes

Line body cavities for protection; visceral layer covers organs, parietal layer lines cavity

Epithelial tissue

Lines spaces, avascular, quick mitosis, closely packed cells

Connective tissue

Connects tissues/structures, vascular, cells scattered in background fluid

Muscular tissue

Excitable, allows for movement

Nervous tissue

Excitable, sends and receives information

Epidermis

Superficial layer of skin

Dermis

Deep layer of skin

Melanocytes

Produce

4 main tissues

Epithelial- Lines spaces

Connective- Connects tissues/structures

Muscular- Provides movement

Nervous- Send and receives info

Two main skin layers

Epidermis and Dermis

Stratum Basale

constantly undergoing mitosis

Stratum spinosum

Consist mostly of Keratinocytes