The Heart – Expanded Study Guide
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These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to the anatomy and physiology of the heart, including its structure, circulation, electrical conduction, rhythms, and related clinical terminology.
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22 Terms
Mediastinum
The space in the thoracic cavity located between the lungs that contains the heart.
Apex
The pointed end of the heart that points to the left side of the body.
Pericardium
A double-walled sac surrounding the heart, consisting of a fibrous layer for anchoring and a serous layer to reduce friction.
Epicardium
The outer layer of the heart wall.
Myocardium
The muscular middle layer of the heart wall responsible for contraction.
Endocardium
The inner lining of the heart chambers.
Tricuspid Valve
Valves that regulate blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle.
Pulmonary Valve
Valve that directs blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
Mitral Valve
Valve that controls blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
Aortic Valve
Valve that allows blood to flow from the left ventricle to the body.
Pulmonary Circulation
The movement of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart for oxygenation.
Systemic Circulation
The pathway in which oxygenated blood is delivered from the heart to the body.
Pacemaker Cells
Specialized cells that initiate electrical impulses in the heart.
Contractile Cells
Heart muscle cells that shorten and pump blood.
SA Node
The node that generates electrical signals to initiate heartbeats.
ECG P Wave
Indicates atrial depolarization in an electrocardiogram.
Arrhythmia
Abnormal rhythm of the heart.
Bradycardia
A heart rate less than 60 beats per minute.
Tachycardia
A heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute.
Frank-Starling Law
Principle stating that the more the heart fills, the stronger the contraction.
Cardiac Output (CO)
The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute, calculated as CO = HR x SV.
Heart Failure
Condition in which the heart cannot pump effectively, leading to systemic or pulmonary edema.