lymph immunity exam 3

venous capillaries are what type of pressure

osmatic pressure

blood venous capillaries reabsorb what percent

85% of fluid

what percent of water and plasma proteins enter the lymphatic system

15%

Albumin + low pressure is on

venous capillaries

lacteals

lymph vessels that absorb lipids

lipids are bigger than

carbs

what is lymph?

fluid in lymph system

identical to plasma

no proteins (too big to fit through vessels)

functions of lymph system

fluid balance

immunity

absorb fats

2 lymphatic organs

primary- formation and maturation

secondary- activation

arteries and veins are

continuous

lymphatic vessels have

valves and low pressure

lymphatic vessels are similar to

veins

3 parts of larger lymphatic vessels

tunica externa- thin outer layer

tunica media - elastic fibers, smooth

tunica interna -endothelium and valves

lymphatic vessels are NOT

continuous

how do you improve venous circulation?

exercise

two collecting ducts of lymphatic vessels

right lymphatic ducts

thoracic duct

right lymphatic duct drains

right thorax

right side of head

upper extremity

thoracic duct contains… and drains…

contains cisterna chili which drains lymph from lower extremity

right lymphatic duct empties into

right subclavian vein

thoracic duct empties into

left subclavian vein

cisterna chyli empties into

left subclavian vein

right lymphatic duct empties into

right subclavian vein

cancer can spread to your

lymph nodes

when you can’t drain lymph fluid you get

edema

skeletal muscle pump helps with

lymph flow

breathing faster during exercise helps the thoracic pump to

get lymph back into circulation

3 lymphatic cells

T cells

B cells

natural killer cells

T cells

most common

cell mediated

directly destroys antigen

B cells

immunity

indirect -make antibodies to attack antigen

maturation develops what type of cell

white blood cells

2 primary lymphatic organs

red bone marrow and thymus

3 secondary lymph organs

lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen

if immune system is too active…

body gets autoimmunity

2 regions of lymph node

cortex-outer

medulla- inner

germinal center

located in cortex

WBC’S get activated during infection

afferent lymphatic vessels

located in spinal cord

bring lymph into node

efferent lymphatic vessel

only 1

leaves lymph nodes

lymph node functions

detox

clean blood before sent back to subclavian vein

name 7 lymph nodes

cervical- head and neck

axillary-upper limb/breast tissue

thoracic-lungs, mediastinum

abdominal-reproductive/ urinary

intestinal and mesenteric- digestive

inguinal-lower extremity

popliteal-below distal to knee

symptoms of problematic lymph node

unilateral

firm

no pain

example of problematic lymph node

breast tissue

Symptoms of bilateral lymph nodes

on both sides

swelling

pain in throat

2 types of tonsils

palatine - posterior , strep and tonsilitis

pharyngeal tonsil - covid

what is the largest lymphatic organ?

spleen

two tissues in the spleen

red pulp- filled with erythrocytes

white pulp- activates WBC’S and filled with lymphocytes and macrophages

function of macrophages

cleans up debris

innate immunity is

non specific

what are the 3 lines of defense against pathogens?

first- skin and mucous membrane

second- innate defense mechanisms

third- adaptive immunity, B and T cells

first and second lines of defense are

innate/nonspecific

third line of defense is

adaptive and specific

sweat creates what type of environment

Acidic environment

5 types of leukocytes

neutrophils- bacteria

eosinophils- allergy

Basophils- tissue damage

Monocytes- virus

Lymphocytes- creates antibodies

function of basophils

have histamine/vasodilator

increases blood flow during tissue injury

in lymphocytes circulating blood contains

80% of T cells

15% B cells

5% NK cells

function of interferons

infected cell alerts other cells about infection

globulins in blood circulate…

separately and inactively

complement system

circulate in blood and activate in presence of pathogen

when pathogen arrives proteins form

complement to kill infection

3 pathways of complement system

classical pathway - antibody, adaptive immunity/specific

antigen/antibody complex

alternative pathway -no antibody, nonspecific/innate

lectin pathway- plasma proteins binds to carbohydrates,specific

lectin mechanism

lectin fights infection by binding to carbon on surface of antigen

NK cells send what to puncture cells

perforins

Granzymes from NK cells enter perforin hole and water

goes in and explodes cells(osmosis)

3 stages of fever

onset- tries to disable pathogen with heat

stadium- stays at high temperature

defervescence- fever is done

inflammation

histamine/ vasodilation

response to tissue injury, trauma, and infection

4 signs of inflammation

redness, swelling, heat, pain

margination in neutrophil behavior

Inflammation increases stickiness of injured area in blood vessels

-size of blood vessel increases

diapedesis (emigration)

increases capillary permeability

-leukocytes squeeze through vessel walls to get fluid and WBC’S into tissues

chemotaxis

injured tissue brings WBC’S to injury area

3 ways to distinguish immunity from innate immunity

systemic effect-throughout body

specificity-immunity against certain pathogen

memory-when reexposed to same pathogen

2 forms of adaptive immunity

cellular immunity- cell mediated, T cells, direct

Humoral immunity- antibody mediated, B cells, indirect

natural active immunity

natural exposure to antigen/ given antibodies

example: someones coughs and you breathe that in

artificial active immunity

Vaccine

Natural passive immunity

mother gives fetus antibodies

artifical passive immunity

tetanus shot

temporary immunity and given antibody

Antigen triggers

immune response

antibody

immune system protein that attacks antigen

all antibodies have what 3 components

heavy chain region

light chain region

constant region

what makes each antigen unique?

each has their own variable region

4 antibody classes

IgM-primary immune response, spikes first

IgG-most common, placenta to fetus, natural passive

IgA-mucous saliva, tears

IgE-allergies/ tissue damage, mast cells release histamine

during FIRST exposure of infection what spikes first? during SECOND exposure what spike first?

during first exposure IgM spikes first

during second exposure IgG spikes first

cells that leave the bone marrow and go to thymus become

T cells

Cells that stay in bone marrow form

B cells

when infection is present B and T cells go to

secondary lymph tissues to fight infection

4 classes of T cells

cytotoxic T cells - attack antigen

Helper T cells-moves action along but doesnt actually kill antigen

Regulatory T cells-monitors severity of immune system reaction

Memory T cells-improves immunity response during second exposure

3 stages of cellular and humoral

recognize antigen

attack antigen

memorize antigen

Steps of T cell activation

1. T cells have APC(antigen present cells)

2. APC finds antigen

3. presents antigen to T cell

4. costimulation- both agree to destroy antigen

5. Cytotoxic T cell kills antigen

steps of humoral immune response

1. B cells bind with antigen

2. antigen is presented to helper T cell

3. helper T cell helps B cell produce antibodies

4. antibodies then attack and kill antigen

first exposure to antigen

-primary immune response

- IgM spikes first

- 3 days to make first antibody

-2 weeks for max effect of antibodies to kick in

reexposure to same antigen

3 hours to make first antibody

5 days for maximum antibody to kick in

Hypersensitivity

immune system is overreacting

type 1 acute immediate hypersensitivity

allergic response

IgE mediated response

type 2 and 3 subacute hypersensitivity

type 2 : delayed 1-3 hours after exposure(blood transfusion)

type 3: autoimmune disease

for type 2, IgG and IgM attack…

antigens

for type 3, IgG and IgM form…

antigens

type 4 hypersensitivity

delayed sensitivity

poison ivy

4 autoimmune diseases

Multiple sclerosis

Rheumatoid arthritis

Type 1 diabetes

Hashimoto thyroiditis

Kaposi Sarcoma

Transition of HIV to AIDS

measles virus erases

memory of it leaving patient more prone to get measles again