Chemistry

Flashcards

what does the reactivity series do?

lists metals in order of the their reactivity towards other substances

Name the metals in order of their reactivity

K, Li, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, fe, cu, ag, au

What does a more reactive metal do to a less reactive metal? And why?

it displaces it because it reacts stronger than a less reactive metal

So what would be the outcome of Iron oxide + aluminium

Aluminium oxide+ iron because aluminium is higher up on the reactivity series than iron therefore it displaces it

Why will a more reactive metal displace a less reactive metal from its oxide?

because it will bond stronger to the oxygen

What is a redox reaction

when a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal. The more reactive is oxidised and the less reactive one is displaced and therefore reduced

Give me examples of a metal compound

Copper sulphate, zinc chloride and sodium chloride they are also known as metal salts

What happens when you put a reactive metal displace into a solution of a less reactive metal salt?

the reactive metal will replace the less reactive metal in the salt

What two things does oxidation involve?

Gain of oxygen or loss of electrons

What happens if a reactant gains oxygen or loses electrons

It is said to be reduced

What does reduction involve?

loss of oxygen or gain of electrons

What can a redox reaction not have?

Oxidation or reduction

Why cannot redox reactions have oxidation or reduction?

because if one reactant is reduced the other must be oxidised. Redox reactions are a contraction of reduction and oxidation

What is the oxidising agent?

The reactant that is said to be reduced?

Why is the reactant that is reduced the oxidising agent?

This is because the oxygen it loses goes to the other reactant and so it could to oxidise the other reactant

What is the reactant that is oxidised

The reducing agent

Why is the reactant that is oxidised the reducing agent?

Because the oxygen it gains comes from the other reactant and therefore acts as an agent for reduction

What does the reactant that loses the electrons do?

gives them to the other reactant that is reduced

What is reactant that gives the electrons called?

The reducing agent

Does iron rust easily?

Yes

When does rusting happen and with what two things?

rusting only happens when iron’s in contact with both oxygen and water

What is the chemical reaction for when iron corrodes

An oxidation reaction

What happens ti the water when in contact with iron?

It becomes loosely bonded to the iron and forms hydrated iron 3 oxide which we call rust

What is the equitation for iron rusting?

Iron+oxygen+water = hydrated iron three oxide (rust)

How many ways are their to prevent rusting and what are they?

The barrier method and the sacrificial method

What is the barrier method?

1. The first way is to paint and coat with plastic but this is ideal for big and small structures alike

2. Oiling and greasing this is used where moving parts are involved like bike chains

What is the sacrificial method?

This involves placing a more reactive metal with the iron. This means that the water and the oxygen then reacts with the sacrificial metal instead of with the iron

What all group one metals do?

They react similarly with water

What can simple reactions work out?

if an element is part of the same family as other elements

What example could you use to demonstrate how to find if elements are part of the same family?

Put lithium, sodium and potassium in water and they will react vigorously together

What does the reaction involving putting li, na and k in water produce?

It produces a metal hydroxide solution and it is an alkaline

What does the reaction of the alkali metals with water produce?

hydrogen

What is the same as the number of electrons lost or gained?

the charge of the ion

What is the charge if three electrons are gained

3-

What is the charge of you lose and gain electrons

If you lose electrons then it is positive if you gain electrons then it is negative

What are groups one two and three

metals

What are groups 4 5 and 6

non metals

What do elements in the same group have?

The same number of electrons in their outer shell

What are the charges for each group?

1 is +

2 is 2+

3 is 3+

5 is 3-

6 is 2-

7 is -

What is the drop and swap method?

It is a method where you get two elements and you switch the charges

What are the transition metals

Fe2+, Fe3+,Cu2+, Zn2+ and Ay+

What is the ammonium ion?

NH4+

Name me the more complex ions

SO4 2- which is sulphate

CO3 2- which is carbonate

NO3- which is nitrate

OH- which is the hydroxide ion

What is an ionic bond?

It is an electrostatic attraction between a positively charged metal ion (cation) And a negatively charged non-metal ions (anion)

What happens when a metal and a non metal react?

The metal atom loses electrons to form a positive ion and a non metal gains these electrons to form a negative ion

Why are oppositely charged strongly attached?

Because of electrostatic attraction and this attraction is called an ionic bond

What is an example of ionic bonding

The reaction of sodium and chlorine

What do compounds with ionic bonding always have?

giant ionic lattices held closely together by the oppositely charged ions

Why is the attraction between oppositely charged ions so strong?

because lots of energy is required to overcome the strong attraction

What do ionic compounds have

High melting and boiling points

When do ionic compounds conduct and don’t conduct electricity?

They don’t in a solid but do when molten or in a aqueous solution

What is an atom?

An atom is a particle with a nucleus but no overall charge

What is a molecule made up of?

a molecule is made up of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Would three things are in an atom

Protons, neutrons and electrons

What is relative mass measured in?

it is measured in mass units on a scale where the mass of a proton and a neutron is one

Name me two things about a proton

They are heavy and positively charged

Tell me two things about a neutron

they are heavy and neutral

Facts about electrons

They have hardly any mass and are negatively charged

Why is the mass number an integer?

Because their is a whole number of protons and neutrons

What does the atomic number tell you?

how many protons their are

What is the mass number

the total number of protons and neutrons

What is the definition of an isotope?

it is two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but a different number of neutrons so they differ in relative atomic mass

How to find the relative atomic mass

1) multiply the mass of each isotope by its relative abundance

2) add them together

3) divide the sum of the relative abundance w

what are in the nucleus

Protons and neutrons

What is the atomic number

the number of electrons

What are the three states of matter

Solid, liquid and gas

What is the arrangement of particles in a solid?

They are close together in a fixed position forming a lattice arrangement because their is strong force of attraction between particles

Do the particles in a solid move and do they have a shape?

The particles don’t move and keep a definite shape and volume

What is the arrangement of particles in a liquid

their is a weak force of attraction, randomly arranged and free to move past each other

Do the particles move and do they have a fixed shape and volume

They are free to move past each other but they stick close together and don’t have a fixed shape or volume

What happens as the liquid gets hotter

The faster the particles move

What is the forces of attraction like in gases and come they move

they are very weak and are free to move far apart and the gases travel in straight lines

What is diffusion

diffusion is the gradual movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

What is the process of a solid to a gas or a gas to a solid

sublimation

What is the process form a liquid to a gas

What is the process from a gas to liquid

evaporation

Condensation

How does melting happen

at a certain temperature the particles have enough energy to break free from their positions. This is called melting

How does freezing happen

the particles vibrate more which weakens the forces that holds the solids together this makes the solid expand

How does subliming happen

when a solid is heated its particles gain energy

How does evaporating happen

Particles gain enough energy to escape

How does condensation happen

Particles lose energy and come closer

What happens when particles are heated

they gain energy

What happens when particles are cooled

They lose energy

Examples of diffusion

Food colouring spreading in water

Smell spreading in the air

What happens if their is faster diffusion

Higher temperature

Gases diffuse faster than liquids

What is meant by the term solvent

Liquid that dissolves

What is meant by the term solute

substance that is being dissolved

What is meant by the term saturated solution

cannot dissolve no more of the solute

What is meant by the term solution

The solute and the solvent

What do elements consist of?

one type of atom only

What is compound

different elements chemically bonded

What is a mixture

Substances not chemically bonded

What does a pure substance have

Fixed melting and boiling points

What does a mixture have

Melting and boiling points over a range

What does the separation technique filtration involve?

Separates an insoluble solid from a liquid

What does the separation technique crystallisation involve

obtains soluble solid from a solution

What does simple distillation involve?

Separates solvent from a solution

What does fractional distillation involve

Separates liquids with different boiling points

What does simple chromatography involve

Separates coloured substances

What is a pure substance

one spot

What is a mixture

more than one spot