Music APP Final

rhythm

organization of time and music

beat

divides musical time into equal units

downbeat

first beat in a measure, strongest accent, where the conductor's hand falls

meter

organization of beats into regular groups

measure

a single unit of time featuring a specific number of beats played at a particular tempo

tempo

speed at which beats progress

syncopation

placing an accent on a weak beat

meter signature/time signature

beats per measure over note value, tells performer what note carries the beat

beats per measure

What does the top number of a meter signature tell the performer?

melody

"tune"; a series of notes separated into a memorable section

rests

breaks or pauses in music

pitch

position of a single sound in the complete range of sound

interval

the distance between any two pitches on a musical scale

harmony

element that adds depth and dimension to the music and provides support and accompaniment to the melody

chord

three or more pitches that sound at the same time

chord progression

harmonic progression of chords

cadence

the end of a chord progression

dynamics

level of volume at which sounds are produced

diminuendo (decrescendo)

"growing softer"

pianissimo (pp)

"very soft"

piano (p)

soft

mezzo piano (mp)

medium soft

mezzo forte (mf)

medium loud

forte (f)

loud

fortissimo (ff)

very loud

timbre (color)

quality of sound produced by a voice or an instrument

texture

the density and arrangement of musical elements/lines in a composition

monophony

one singular melody without accompaniment

homophony

more than one independent melody at once

polyphony

layering of lines/voices/instruments in a composition at the same time

form

the general shape of a composition as perceived by the listener

style

the general surface of sounds produced by the interaction of elements of music

476-1450

when were the middle ages

1450-1600

when was the renaissance

1600-1750

when was the baroque period

1750-1820

when was the classical period

1820-1900

when was the romantic period

soprano, mezzo, alto, tenor, baritone, bass

male and female voice range from highest to lowest

strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion

instrument families needed for a symphony orchestra

flute, piccolo, clarinet

what instruments are single reed

oboe, bassoon, english horn

what instruments are double reed

timapani, snare drum, bass drum, cymbals

percussion instruments that have definite pitch

triangle, tambourine, gong, snare, cymbals

percussion instruments that have indefinite pitch

viola, violin, cello, string bass, harp, guitar

instruments in the string family

flute, piccolo, clarinet, saxophone, oboe, bassoon, english horn

instruments in the woodwind family

french horn, tuba, trumpet, trombone

instruments in the brass family

timpani, snare drum, bass drum, cowbell, bass, snare, gong, tambourine

instruments in the percussion family

piano, harpsichord, organ

instruments in the keyboard family

synthesizer

instrument in the electronic family

piccolo

which woodwind instrument plays the highest pitches in the orchestra

bassoon

which woodwind instrument plays the lowest pitches in the orchestra

mass

the most important religious service to the monks and nuns was

gregorian chant (plainsong)

a unique collection of thousands of religious songs

religious services of the monastery

what were the gregorian chants sung for

latin

what language were gregorian chants sung in

monophonic

which texture were gregorian chants sung in

no

were instruments used in gregorian chants

lacks a sense of meter

what rhythm were gregorian chants

Hildeguard of Bingen

given to the church as a tithe, she wrote over 77 monophonic chants and founded her own convent; Popes and kings sought her advice

syllabic

one or two notes per syllable of text

melismatic

many notes per syllable of text

organum

form of early polyphony based on an existing plainsong

Petronius the Great

who was director of the choir who wrote four-voice organum for the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris

mensural notation

measured notation to specify musical rhythm and pitch

Guillaume de Machaut

the most important composer of the fourteenth century and first to set all five parts of the Ordinary of the Mass to a single composition was ____________; they were also a gifted poet

kyrie, gloria, credo, sanctus, agnus del

list the five sung parts of the Ordinary of the Mass

chanson

troubadours and trouveres "found" or invented a musical genre called

rebirth

the renaissance literally means ______

Josquin Deprez

who was a temperamental composer who was described as the equivalent to michelangelo and could demand twice the salary of his peers. he was one of the most well known composers of the Renaissance

motet

a sacred composition written for religious services

imitation

one or more voices saying the same phrase, entering at different times

a cappella

unaccompanied singing

Palestrina

who spent nearly his entire career working at major churches in rome. his serene musical style epitomized the restrained spirit of the counter-reformation and was known as the "savior of church music"

shawm

double reed woodwind instrument from europe during the Renaissance

madrigal

piece written for several solo voices, 4-5 parts, that originated in italy, emphasized the meaning of poetry

vernacular (non-latin)

what language were madrigals sang in

men and women

who can sing in madrigals

word painting

vivid imagery of the text enhanced by musical setting

Thomas Weelkes

which composer wrote the madrigal "As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending" in honor of Queen Elizabeth

opera

dramatic singing that tells a story in a play-like sensele

libretto

dramatic text that composers set to music in opera

basso continuo

small ensemble that is foundation for melody, requires 2 instruments, only from Baroque

Claudio Monteverdi

who is an italian composer known as the creator of what is considered the first true european opera

recitative

musically heightened speech

aria

an elaborate lyrical song for solo voice

ostinato

a musical figure, motive, melody, harmony, or rhythm that is repeated

french overture

style by Jean-Baptiste; one section is duple, and the other is triple meter

canon

form where voices enter and duplicate one another

terraced dynamics

term used to describe sharp, abrupt dynamic contrasts found in the music of the Baroque Era

Vivaldi

who was an ordained priest and virtuoso violinist of the Baroque period that was known for writing concertos

Venice

Vivaldi was born and raised in which Italian city

Hospice of Ospedale delta Pieta

in Venice from 1703-1740, where did Vivaldi teach and direct music

young women

who did Vivaldi direct and teach

Palestrina, Baklaveli, and Bavaldi

J.S. Bach studied the works of which composers

fugue

polyphonic composition for 3 or more parts (vocal or instrumental)

exposition

the fugue opens with a section called

cantata (church cantata)

"sung thing"; multimovement sacred work that lasted 20-30 minutes; core of Lutheran services

chorale

spiritual melody or religious folk song of Lutheran church

George Handel

this composer was an entrepreneur who began his career writing operas, became the most famous composer in Europe and a treasured national institution in England his adopted country

oratorio

large scale genre of sacred music involving an overture, choruses, etc., performed with scenery/costumes, acts; less expensive than opera