bio 002 learning objectives

Proton

(+) Define the element

Neutrons (0)

add mass

Electrons (-)

Control chemical behavior

LO.1 Discuss reaction reversibility and its relationship to concentration and equilibrium

Reactants (A+B) can form products (D), and the forward rate depends on the concentration of reactants while the reverse rate depends on the concentration of products.

LO.2 Describe the equilibrium state

Equilibrium is reached when the concentrations of reactants and products are constant because the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal.

LO.3 Apply Le Chatelier's principle to changing concentrations

Systems at equilibrium respond to changes in the concentration of reactants or products to restore a state of equilibrium.

LO.4 Define pH and its relation to "acid," "basic," and proton concentration

pH = -log_{10}[H^+]; "acidic" means high proton concentration (low pH), and "basic" means low proton concentration (high pH)

LO.5 Determine the difference in $[H^+]$ between two solutions

A single pH unit change represents a 10

LO.6 Discuss how pH affects molecular interactions

Changes in pH alter the electrical charge of functional groups by changing their protonation state, which in turn determines their biological function.

LO.7 Predict the protonation state using $pK_a$ and pH

If pH < pKa, the group is protonated. if pH > pKa, it is deprotonated. if pH = pKa, it is 50% protonate

LO.1: Distinguish between co-translational and post-translational translocation

Co-translational occurs during protein synthesis (Secretory Pathway/ER); post-translational occurs after synthesis is complete (Non-secretory/Mitochondria/Nucleus).

LO.2: Problems with directed transport

Ensuring proteins reach specific compartments in complex cells (bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic) without getting lost in the cytosol.

LO.3: Define sorting signal

A short amino acid sequence within a protein that acts as a targeting address or "zip code."

LO.4: Role of sorting receptors and translocation machineries

Receptors recognize the sorting signal; translocation machineries (like TOM/TIM) physically move the protein across organelle membranes.

LO.5: Define secretory pathway, organelles, and transport method

A pathway involving the ER and Golgi where proteins move in a specific order (ER -> Golgi -> Final Stop) via vesicles that bud and fuse.

LO.6: Define and describe the function of the signal sequence

A specific type of sorting signal that triggers co-translational translocation into the ER.

LO.7: Steps a protein follows after ER translocation

The protein is packaged into vesicles, sent to the Golgi apparatus for processing, and then sorted into new vesicles for its final destination (e.g., lysosome or plasma membrane).

LO.1 Define functional group

Specific repeated combinations of atoms (usually parts of molecules) that have distinct properties and are often found in many biomolecules.!LO.2 Name common functional group structures