Geography 3

economic geography

the study of how people make their living

Economic sectors

Primary (agriculture) - 1%

Secondary (manufacturing and production) - 13%

Tertiary (service and consumer) - 86%

Substinece Economy

goods and services are created for the
use of the producers and their kinship groups

Market Economies

producers or their agents freely market their goods and services

Planned Economies

producers or their agents dispose of goods and services through governmental agencies that control both supply and price

Transtion Economies

making the change from a centrally planned economy to a market-based economy

Nomadic Herding

the wandering and controlled movement of livestock dependent on natural forage

Shifting Cultivation

A migratory, field rotation system found mainly in forested regions and uplands with relatively sparse populations

Slash and Burn

cutting down all but the largest trees and setting fire to the resultant debris

Expanding Crop Production

expanding the land under cultivation, increase crop yields from existing farmland

Green Revolution

a complex of seed and managment improvments to increase yields

Von Thuns Model

farmland close to market is best for perishable items and more expensive byt farmland further away is best for nonperishable and cheaper

Intensive commerial agriculture

production of crops that give high yields and high market value per unit of land (higher value land, closer to markets)

Extensive Commercial Agriculture

less expensive land farther away from markets, usually large wheat farms

Rust Belt

A once booming production and manufacturing area in northeastern and midwestern US but now abandoned

Weber industrial location theory

optimum locatin based on minimizing costs in transport, labour and agglomeration

Agglomoration

clustering of productive activities and people for mutual benefit

Deglomoration

the deconcentration and dispersal of business to limit negative factors

Outsourcing

involves subcontracting production or service to outside companies

Offshoring

the practice of either hiring foreign workers, or contracting with a foreign third party service provider

Maquiladoras

a manufacturing plant that produces duty free items on mexican-american border

Five locational tendencies for high tech industries

1. Proximity to universities and large pool of scientific and technical skills

2. Avoidence of areas with strong unions

3. locally available venture capital and entrepreneurial daring

4. areas with favorable quality of life

5. good communication and transportation

Commodity Chains

steps in the production and distrubution process

Deindustrialization

companies leaving an area because of rising labour costs, growth of TNCs, technology transfer to developing countries

Consumer and Business services

consumer services - preformed for individuals

business services - preformed for companies

Locational Interdependence Theory

service activities are by definition market oriented, location based on maximizing revenues - rather then minimizing costs

Hotelling Model

location descions of firms are influnced by those of its competitors

Tourism

advantages - accounts for 10% of worlds GDP, international toruism genrates new income and jobs in developing nations

Disadvantages - jobs are low skill, low wage, profits return to home transnational corp, seasonal income, can go in and out of style

eco tourism

travel that is sensitive to local social and enviromental concerns

Megacities

cities with more then 10 million cities (33 megacities in 2025)

Why do cities grow

Industrialization, rural to urban migration, seeking a better life, and oppurtunities

Site

the absoulte location of a place

Situation

places location relative to other places

Basic Sector

products or services that are exported outside the city itself, earning income for the community

Non Basic Sector

economic activities that supply the resident population with goods and services

Multiplier Effect

as a settlement increases in size, the number of non basic personnel grows faster than the number of new basic workers