total ap psyvj review

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

What is psychology?

The ______ perspective focuses on how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts.

psychodynamic

The ______ perspective emphasizes free will, growth, and self-actualization.

humanistic

The ______ perspective studies thoughts, memory, and problem solving.

cognitive

The ______ perspective focuses on learning through rewards and punishments.

behavioral

The ______ perspective examines how behavior is influenced by society and culture.

sociocultural

The ______ perspective studies how genes, hormones, and the brain affect behavior.

biological

The founder of psychoanalysis was ______.

Sigmund Freud

The psychologist who developed the hierarchy of needs was ______.

Abraham Maslow

The founder of behaviorism known for Little Albert was ______.

John B. Watson

The behaviorist who studied operant conditioning was ______.

B.F. Skinner

The psychologist who studied observational learning with the Bobo doll experiment was ______.

Albert Bandura

The founder of client-centered therapy was ______.

Carl Rogers

The psychologist who studied cognitive development in children was ______.

Jean Piaget

The psychologist who developed psychosocial stages was ______.

Erik Erikson

The psychologist known for attachment theory in monkeys was ______.

Harry Harlow

The psychologist known for conformity experiments was ______.

Solomon Asch

The psychologist known for obedience experiments was ______.

Stanley Milgram

The psychologist who studied bystander intervention was ______.

Bibb Latané and John Darley

The large band of fibers connecting the two hemispheres is the ______.

corpus callosum

The brainstem structure controlling heartbeat and breathing is the ______.

medulla

The brain structure important for balance and coordination is the ______.

cerebellum

The relay station for sensory information is the ______.

thalamus

The structure involved in emotion and fear is the ______.

amygdala

The structure important for forming new memories is the ______.

hippocampus

The outer wrinkled layer of the brain is the ______.

cerebral cortex

The frontal lobe is mainly responsible for ______ and decision-making.

planning

The parietal lobe processes ______ information.

sensory

The occipital lobe primarily processes ______.

vision

The temporal lobe is important for hearing and ______.

language

Broca’s area helps control speech ______.

production

Wernicke’s area helps with language ______.

comprehension

The nervous system is divided into the central and ______ nervous systems.

peripheral

The central nervous system consists of the brain and ______.

spinal cord

The part of the peripheral nervous system controlling voluntary movement is the ______ nervous system.

somatic

The autonomic nervous system is divided into sympathetic and ______ divisions.

parasympathetic

The sympathetic nervous system arouses the body for ______ or flight.

fight

The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body after stress and promotes ______.

digestion

Neurons communicate across gaps called ______.

synapses

Chemical messengers released from neurons are called ______.

neurotransmitters

Too little dopamine is linked to Parkinson’s disease, while too much may be linked to ______.

schizophrenia

Low levels of serotonin are associated with ______ disorders.

mood

The neurotransmitter involved in muscle action and memory is ______.

acetylcholine

The process of detecting stimulus energy is called ______.

sensation

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information is ______.

perception

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time is the ______ threshold.

absolute

The theory that sensory receptors are especially responsive to increases/decreases in stimulation is ______ theory.

signal detection

The tendency to perceive objects as unchanging despite changing retinal images is perceptual ______.

constancy

According to Freud, the part of personality operating on the pleasure principle is the ______.

id

The part of personality operating on the reality principle is the ______.

ego

The moral component of personality is the ______.

superego

A test with consistent results is ______.

reliable

A test that measures what it claims to measure is ______.

valid

Random assignment is used in experiments to reduce ______.

confounding variables

The factor manipulated in an experiment is the ______ variable.

independent

The measured outcome is the ______ variable.

dependent

A correlation close to +1.00 indicates a ______ relationship.

strong positive

A correlation does not prove ______.

causation

The tendency to favor information that supports beliefs is ______ bias.

confirmation

The memory of facts and experiences is ______ memory.

explicit

Memory without conscious recall is ______ memory.

implicit

The process of getting information into memory is ______.

encoding

The retention of encoded information over time is ______.

storage

Getting information out of memory is ______.

retrieval

According to the serial position effect, people remember the first and last items due to ______ and recency effects.

primacy

Classical conditioning was first demonstrated by ______.

Ivan Pavlov

In classical conditioning, the learned response is the ______ response.

conditioned

In operant conditioning, behavior is strengthened by reinforcement or weakened by ______.

punishment

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior is ______ reinforcement.

negative

Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior is ______ reinforcement.

positive

Learning by watching others is called ______ learning.

observational

Piaget’s stage where object permanence develops is the ______ stage.

sensorimotor

Piaget’s stage with conservation developing is the ______ operational stage.

concrete

According to Kohlberg, moral reasoning based on rewards/punishments is the ______ level.

preconventional

Erikson believed adolescence centers on identity vs. ______.

role confusion

The stress response involving alarm, resistance, exhaustion is the General Adaptation ______.

Syndrome

The tendency for group members to conform to a unanimous but wrong answer was shown by ______.

Asch

The tendency to exert less effort in a group is social ______.

loafing

Prejudice is an unjustifiable attitude toward a group, while discrimination involves unjustifiable ______.

behavior

The disorder involving hallucinations and delusions is ______.

schizophrenia

Persistent sadness and loss of interest are symptoms of ______ disorder.

major depressive

Extreme mood swings between mania and depression describe ______ disorder.

bipolar

Unwanted repetitive thoughts and behaviors characterize ______.

OCD

The treatment using systematic exposure to feared stimuli is ______ therapy.

exposure

The therapy focused on changing harmful thought patterns is ______ behavioral therapy.

cognitive

Drugs such as Prozac that increase serotonin are called ______.

SSRIs