Revise exam 3

Macro

large scale social explanations (something about society, poverty, community disorganization)

Micro

individual differences (something about individuals, criminals are different from non-criminals)

historically have women often been studied?

women have often been excluded from theories

what time were historical theories?

end of the 1800s to mid-1900s

Cesare Lombroso

largely biological, looked at physical characteristics: the atavistic female offender, less evolved than men, biologically inferior.

Sigmund Freud

largely psychological, emphasized a desire to be like males

Otto Pollak

underreported and preferential treatment for women, the hidden and devious nature of female crime (shoplifting)

masked criminality

theory arguing that female crime rates are underreported and hidden due to nature of offenses and male-dominated justice system.

Sheldon & Eleanor Glueck

studied 500 delinquent men & 500 delinquent women, multiplisdisciplinary: studied many different factors.

Travis Hirschi

Social Bonds: tight bonded to social groups = less likely to commit crime

how might the social bond theory explain gender ratios?

The importance of family, socialized differently - maybe greater focus on relationships, maybe more sharing.

Edwin Sutherland

Differential association: criminal behavior is learned - family and especially peer groups

how might differential association theory explain gender ratios?

maybe more constraints on girls - home, curfew, discipline

Robert Merton

Traditional Strain theory: strain/frusteration from not being able to achieve socially accepted goals

how might traditional strain theory explain gender ratios?

maybe women have different goals and strains - employment, income, american dream, less access to ligitmate and illigetiment means

Robert Agnew

General Strain theory: strain - emotional response - crime/delinquency

3 types of general strain theory

intro to negative stimuli, loss of positive stimuli, failure to achieve positive goals

how can general strain theory explain gender ratios?

Maybe gendered experiences with strain, the source of strain may be gendered.

Michael Gottfredson and Travis Herschi's theory

general theory of crime: self-control and analogous behaviors, rooted in family, learned through early child-rearing

low self control + opportunities for crime

How can the general theory of crime explain gender ratios?

Maybe different socialization, maybe boys are more likely to have problems with self-control

Labeling theory

effects of a label on future behavior

How can labeling theory explain gender ratios

maybe differently labeled or labeled for different things - accept vs wanting to please

consensus versus conflict views of the law

consensus view: agree on what is right vs wrong

conflict view: law represents interests of groups with power

Who makes the law (general demographics)?

congress is disproportionally while, wealthy, old men

Feminist "pathways" research

cycle of violence, link between victimization and offending, lived experiences, childhood abuse, running away.

parens patriae

state as guardian/protector

First juvenile court

Chicago, 1899

Historically who was involved with the juvenile court?

delinquent offenders, status offenders, abused/neglected children

Historically how has juvenile justice been gendered?

Girls were sent to reformatories for moral training and training for marriage, and gynecological exams for female status offenders.

What did the age of consent campaign do?

protected young women by raising the age of consent.

When was the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act passed and what did it do?

1974, called for the decriminalization of status offenses

how did the rates of female juvenile delinquency changed from the 1980/90s?

Rates went up in the 1980s, peaked in the mid-1990s and have since gone down.

What does the UCR data show for female cases?

around 29% for juvenile girls, and increased involvement.

Net widening

The practice where programs such as diversion were developed to inhibit the introduction of youth into the juvenile justice system

• actually increased the number of offenders under the general reach of the system.

What are status offenses and some examples?

status offenses are offenses only illegal if committed by juveniles. Examples: running away, truancy, curfew violations.

bootstrapping

can formally be prosecuted for violating a condition of probation (even a status offense). Juveniles may then be incarcerated.

What are key risk factors for female delinquency?

family, abuse, peers, school failure, substance use, mental health.

What are some protective factors?

intelligence, courage, creativity, compassion, and problem-solving.

What is the basic idea behind gender-specific programs?

equality does not equal sameness. girls and boys have different experiences.

Are most offenses violent or non-violent?

overwhelmingly nonviolent

how do profiles for crimes by men and by women compare for property vs violent crime?

proportion of property crime is higher for females, proportion of violent crime is higher for males.

women usually represent ___% or less of arrests

35% or less

for which offenses are women overrepresented?

prostitution, status offenses, theft.

which specific index crime is the most proportion of arrests of men and women most similar?

Drug use

Historical drug use for women

often normalized, "calm the frenzied housewife"

common pathways for drug use

early exposure, abuse/trauma, mental health, romantic relationships

sexism in the drug economy

there are different roles for women, they are rarely mid or high level management.

Sharon Wilsnack

UND school of medicine, studied womens drinking and problem drinking

do women or men commit property crime more?

men

what is there lack of research on for property crime

white-collar crime (forgery, fraud, embezzlement)

What are some risk factors of prostitution?

addiction, poverty, running away, abuse

book says ____% of prostitutes are "brutally victimized"

90%

About ___% of prostitutes have issues with drug addiction

70%

book says death rate for prostitutes is ____ times higher than general population

40

book estimates prostitutes ___ experience PTSD experiences

2/3

Legalization for prostitution

NV for populations under 400k, and the Netherlands legalized brothels

New legislation in the US regarding prostitutions

criminalizes demand (buyers), in US prostitutes are more likely to face sanctions

proportion of women gang members

small proportion, self-report data reflects and higher percentage than official data

Are women more or less likely to know the victim for homicide?

more likely

Casey Anthony verdict

Jodi Arias verdict

filicide

mothers who kill their children

Andrea Yates

2nd trial found not guilty by reason of insanity

Neonaticide

child killed within 24 hours, most likely to be mother

Infanticide

child killed within first year, most likely to be mother

court options

not guilty by reason of insanity, diminished capacity, guilty but mentally ill

Aileen Wuornos

, a prostitute who robbed and murdered in 1989/1990s, executed by lethal injection, movie: Monster