APUSH Period 2

Spanish Conquest

In the seventeenth century, the Spanish conquered most of South America and parts of North America.

European Colonization

By the 1600s, most of North America was unexplored by Europeans, with key posts established in Santa Fe, Quebec, and Jamestown.

Religious Turmoil

The conflict between Catholics and Protestants intensified after King Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church.

English Buccaneers

Figures like Francis Drake sought to promote Protestantism and plunder Spanish ships.

Roanoke Colony

The first English colonization attempt led by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585 ended with the disappearance of the Roanoke colony.

Spanish Armada

Under Philip II, Spain attempted to destroy England with the "Invincible Armada," but was defeated by British ships and a storm.

Population Growth

England's population surged from 3 million in the 1550s to 4 million in the 1600s, leading to economic challenges for small farmers.

Virginia Company

In 1606, the Virginia Company established Jamestown, which faced hardships due to a focus on gold rather than survival.

Captain John Smith

He played a crucial role in the survival of Jamestown and was saved from execution by Pocahontas.

Carolina Colonization

English settlers from Barbados brought the Barbados slave code to Carolina in 1670, leading to the Indian slave trade.

Georgia Colony

Founded as a buffer against Spanish Florida, Georgia was initially a refuge for debtors and faced challenges from Spanish attacks.

Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther's 95 Theses in 1517 sparked the Protestant Reformation, leading to the rise of Calvinism and various dissenting groups.

Pilgrims and Plymouth

The Pilgrims, a Separatist group, settled at Plymouth in 1620 after leaving Holland, facing a harsh winter.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Established in 1629 by Puritans, it became a hub for religious refugees and was led by John Winthrop.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan dissenter who challenged religious authority and was banished for her beliefs.

New England Confederation

Formed in 1643 for mutual defense among colonies against threats from the Dutch and Native Americans.

Dominion of New England

Created in 1686 to consolidate control over New England colonies, it faced resistance and was dismantled after the Glorious Revolution.

New Netherland

Established by the Dutch for fur trade, it included New Amsterdam, which later fell to the English.

Quakers

Known for their pacifism and democratic beliefs, they were led by William Penn, who founded Pennsylvania.

Middle Colonies

Characterized by fertile land and diverse populations, they became significant grain producers and trade hubs.

Slavery in the South

The introduction of African slaves transformed the labor force in plantations, particularly in Virginia and South Carolina.

Southern Hierarchy

Great planters dominated the social structure, while small planters and indentured servants formed the lower class.

Northern Family Life

Northern colonies emphasized family stability, with longer life expectancies and a focus on child-rearing.

Education in New England

High literacy rates and the establishment of schools and colleges reflected the importance of education in Puritan society.

Great Awakening

A religious revival in the 1730s and 1740s that increased church attendance and led to the establishment of new colleges.

Colonial Economy

Agriculture dominated, with tobacco as a staple crop in the South and grain production in the Middle Colonies.

Freedom of the Press

The trial of John Peter Zenger established the principle of freedom of the press in the colonies.

Colonial Governance

Each colony had a two-house legislative body, with governors appointed by the crown, leading to a gradual move towards self-governance.

Social Life

Colonists engaged in various forms of entertainment, including weddings, sports, and lotteries, reflecting a vibrant community life.

Population Diversity

By 1775, the colonies were a melting pot of cultures, with significant populations of Germans, Scots-Irish, and African Americans.