Germany big stack

economic developmenst 1929 to end of weirmar

Impact of the Rurh invasion politically

German reaction was outrage

• Cuno orderd passive resistance - unsucsessfull and expensive

Resulted in

• inflation

• shortages

• govements printing too much money

• less tax revenew

who did stresseman have a coalition with and when

Chancerllor in 1923

he was a national liberal buisnessman joined riechstag in 1907

part of pan-german and navy leuge

• zentrum

when did stresseman get the nobel peace prize

1926

what was stressemen called

The ‘cement’

what were stressemans main mesures

• ended passive resistance 1923

• reduction in govermnet expendeture eg. Civil servents dismissed Appointed Shacht as Riech currency commisioner and head of the riech bank

• Dawes plan 1924

• Locarno treaties 1925 - promised to keep out of western frontiers

• germanys acceptance into the leuge of nations

• 1926 treaty of Berlin with USSR

• Young plan 1929

• public works and housing

• 1928 kellog briand pact - signed with 64 other states (dont use war)

How much did the right wing loose the referndum on the young plan by and when

1929 - as they only had 14% of votes

How did the army disobey the treaty of versiles

• Spent more on armmements 1923 and 1929 than UK

• Secreate rearmement and treaning with USSR

• By 1929 the army was more than double what it was supposed to be

assessment of stresseman

• Skilled diplomat

• 5 years of economic recovery

• greater political stability

• established germany as an equal party in diplomactic relations

• resisted demands of elietes eg. Seect

However…

• policy of fullfilment could have been to his own agenda

how many coalitions were there between 1924-30

6

political developments 1924-29

• Jan 1925 = DNVP coalition with teh republic and collaberation with democracy however coalitions were becoming increacingly right

• Zentrum weakend and split

Political continuations 1924-29

• SPD continued to be the largest party

Yet it did not serve in any government from 1923-28

• Traditional elites remained in power

• little commitment to democracy

• no reform of judiciary, civil service or universities

Give an example of when and over what a coalition fell apart over

1926 - debate of the new flag

• little willingness to compromise

what percent of the vote did the nazis have in 1928

2.6%

what was the increac in fighting in this time 1924-29

• Communist “red fighting leuge” vs. Nazi SA brownshirts

What was the grand coalition

Led by muller one of the longest periods a goverment had lasted

almost two years

who was Joseph goebbels

Head of nazi propoganda 1929

how id Hugenburg help promote the nazis

• He used media to make an anti young plan campain

who led the SA

• Ernst Rohm

When did erbert die

Jan 1925

The presidential election 1925

• sucsessor selcted through the wiemar constitution

• 1st round hindenburg won 48.3% of the vote

• He was 77 yeras old a millitary leader

• didnt like democracy

• little knowladge ofeconmics

• intolerent of modernism

How did extreem partys do in the two elections in 1924

Declines/bad

The nationalist socialist party 1924-29

• Hitler released from prison 1924 dec

• his party has one 32 and then 14 sets in may and dec 1924

• Hitler was banned from political activity until 1927

• 1929 the SS was developed under HImmiler

• Hitler was reassertied as fuurer princip and gianed more votes from middle and lower classes

• buisnnessed gave donations

What was the impact of the war on germany

• To finance the war the kiaser had issued treaury bills instead of taxing the wealthy this created massive debt

• Borrowed from anyone prepared to buy war loans

• The goverment put money into circulation removing links between paper money and gold

how much did the money increace in circulation between 1913 and 1919

1913- 2000 million marks

1919 - 45000 million marks

How much did national debt increace by 1913-1919

1913 - 5000 million marks

1919 - 144000 million marks

what was average productivity during the war

4%

What was included in the treaty of versiles

• Land and colonies loss

• Reperations from russia 1918 ceaced

• coal mines of saarh passed to the french for 15 years

• 90% of merchant fleet surrended

• must suply free coal to france, belgium and italy

6.6 billion cost in Marks and goods

by what percent had the currency fallen by 1919 compared to pre-war

20%

What policies did the goerment use initally after the war economically

• did not stop borrowing or remove money from circulation

• allowed some inflation hoping it would restimulate the economy

Having low unemployment stimulated investment from the US

what was unemployment in 1921

1.8%

Downsides of Economy by 1923

• Prices dropped between 1918-19

• but then quadrpled between 1919-20

This was partially due to the coalition of zentrum whi was supported by industralists who benifited from inflation

Inflation aslo helped reduce the goverments debt and in hopes of ending reperations

What limited the payment of reperations

• Had to pay in cash and thus needed to export

• exports were low due to lack of trust and slow growth everywhere

• Everyone was in Debt to the USA which ment european trade was not stimulated

• germany faced large loans and cost of pensions and welfare

Eg. 1922 germany asked for an extention and loan of 200 million gold marks

Effects of the Rurh invasion on the economy

• paying wages increaced the countries debt

• tex revenew decreaced massively

• Germany had to import coal

• Shortages resulted in inflation

Hyper inflation 1923

• in 1922 inflation passed 50%

• By Nov 1923 the currency was seen as worthless

Workers had to be paid twice daily.

what was the goverments policy towards reperations

“fullfillment”

• In hopes that the allies would reduce thier debt

What didthe reperations include by 1921

• 5000 railway locamotives

• Entire german merchant fleet

• over 100,000 wagons, horses, cattle and agriculture machines

who was in charge of reperations at the begining

Walter Rathunu and cuno stopped paying them through passive resitance

How did the economy develop 1914-1929

• Walther ratenue was in chareg of industry

• he was inchacre of the organisation and distribution of war matirials and the prussian war office

• Centreal purchasing company set up to maintain trade with neutral countries

• Creation of large industrial companies were set up to maintain trade with neutral countries

What was production by 1919

• By 1919 it was little over 1/3 of what it had been in 1913

When did prosuction reach pre-war levals

1927

How much did industry grow by between 1913-29

4%

Unemployment never reached bellow 1.3 between 1914-29

Unemployment never reached bellow 1.3 between 1914-29

what is Ersatz

• Subsitute matiials to provide greater self sufficency

What were key developments in industry 1914-29

• Rationalisation

• Cartels 3000 by 1925

• Heavy industry output by blast furnaces x3

• chemical industry increaced

What and when was the Vereintge Stahluerke formed

1926

Linked coal, steel ect people

• Controlled 40-50% of iorn and steel

• Controlled 36% of coal

How did agriculture develop 1914-1929

• Challanged by cheaper forign imports

• Poor harvests 1917-1918

• 1919 Reich resettlement law helped redistribution however only ½ a million had be relased by 1928 and only 3% of small farmers benifited

• High tax and morgage rates

how much land belonged to the top 1% of landowners 1919

20%

when did stesseman become chancerloor

1923 for three months

what were stressemans first economic policies

• Ended passive resistence

• Schatch introduced the renhkmark vallued at 1 million old marks in 1923 nov

• fiscal mesures

• new taxes and lending rates controlled

How many banks went bankrupt in 1920

• over 6000

What was inflation by 1926 and unemploment

0% inflation

but…

• still 20% peak unemployment

When did the rentenmarck change

1924 → riechmark

what and when was the young plan

1929

• reduced the total reperations by 75% and extended the time period to 54 years

This upset right wings like hitler and hugenburg

what was the value of total loans between 1924-30

25.5 billion marks however…

• reperations in the same time was 22.8 billion marks

What was the dawes plan and when

1924

• Stresseman and the allies reperations commitie adressed concerns

• Under the banker Charlse Dawes thet proposed the amount payed would be reduced until 1929

• germany would recive an 800 million loan from the USA

To do this they must stabalise thier currency and recognise the riechbank

when was the evacuation of the ruhr

1924-25

what were the weaknesses to the economy 1914-29

• Dependednt on foriegn loans

• short term soloutions

• vaunrable to resession

• economic improvements were non universal

• germany was living beyond its means

• wages pushed up by trade unions poor compared to the rest of the world

How did architecture change

• Ordinary geometric designs

Who led the bauhus movement

• By walter Gropius 1919 wiemar

How did the govement suport cultral change in wiemar

• Subsidised art exibitions and sponsered artists

What was modernisim in wiemar

• Became a synomyn with the values of weimar and was more liberal

What was the new objectivity movement

• The war had resulted in horror created through death and political unstability was shown in a new style of writing and painting

what resulted in cultral change wiemar

• After WW1 there was a ‘cultral explosion’

• due to the removal of censorship and reaction from the pain of the war

Resulted in Cultral experementation

Name two expressionist artists wiemar

• George Grosz

• Otto Dix

Who was against cultral change in wiemar

• zentrum and the right wing - led campains against the ‘tides of filth’

• new laws eg. 1926 law to protect youth from pulp fiction and p*rnography’

• Books like - ‘Decline of the west’ by Oswald spengler 1918 argued only the elite could save the west

Who were key writters of the weimar

• Herman hesse

• Thomas mann

• Arnold Zweig

• E.M.Remarque

Who and When was All’s quiet on the western front and how many copies were sold

1929 E.M.Remarque

• 500,000 sold in the first month

how did writting chanage in wiemar

• More paperbacks increaced publishing

• more purposefull writting politically and socially

how did theater change

• More direct communication with the audince

• new stage set

What does theater of the time translate into

• Zeittheter

What new plays were there in wiemar

• Three penny opera - Kurt Weil satire 1928

• Mother courage - Bertoit bretch - showd sympathy for ordinary people

what were the new topics explored in art

• Daily human life

• Provocative

• Challenge=ing the heroisim of war

Music in the wiemar

• Shoenburg

• Alaban berg

• Anton von webern

In the Kroll opera house in Berlin

Films in the Weimar

• The cabinet of Dr Caligri - silent horror movie

• Metropolis - Fritz lang

• The blue angel - starred Marline dirtitch

change of the youth in wiemar

Americanization of society

• Cigarettes

• Hollywood films

• Chewing gum

• women = cropped hairstyles

• Dance halls

• black jazz bands

• Charlston

What was the effect of the war socially at the begining

• Originally the ‘Spirit of 1914’ cut across class divisions

• Unity under patriortisim and hope

By 1917 this enrgy diapeared

What upset the war spirit by 1917

• Food rations

• forced conscription aged 18 from 1916

• middle class proffesionals wages on average decreaced

• many women had to look for work to compensate for husbands on the front

What happend to familys in effect if the war

• Parents absent

• Education disrupted as teachers were on the front line

• lack of coal ment that schools couldn’t be heated and had to close within the winter months

what percentage of children suffered from rickets during the war

40%

How many people died of starvation and malnutrition between 1918-1919

• 750,000 people

what were conditions like by 1918

• Redirection of resoucres to the front

• disruption of agriculture due to conscription

• Brittish blockade

• many lived on less than 1000 calories a day

• spanish flu

• Hyperinflation

How much did milk suply fall during the war

50%

How much did meat and butter suply fall by

40%

when was bread rationed in the war

Jan 1915

When and what was the turnip winter

1916-17

• No potatoes were grown in the harvest so there was only turnips

what was social like in 1924

• Living standards began to improve

• Some groups had done well from hyper inflation

eg. those with debt, loans, borrowing or morgages

when were all restrictions on trade unions abolished

1918

How many people did the benifit system add when including war victims benifits

In 1920 - 2.5 million people

when was the youth welfare act

1922

when was the unemployment relief act

1923

when was the public assisastce act

1924

when was the accident insurence act

1925

How many were covered by the unemployment act by 1927

• 17.25 million

What was weimar welfare

• Progressive taxation

• princeipals of welfare were in the 2nd section of the constitution

• they wanted to redistribute wealth for working classes

What did the lander goverments do to contribute to social developments

They used forign loans from 1924

They improved…

• Schools

• hospitals

• roads

• electricity suply

• Affordable housing

How many homes were built in 1925

178,930

What were the limitations of social developments 1914-1920

• very expensive

• expectations could not be met

• tensions between workers and elites due to tensions.

what was the employers resistance to social developments

• Purswaded the govermenets to allow 10 hour working days

• Resisted arbitration boards

• Locked out workers to break union power

• monoloplies formed to prevent prices from dropping

How many people did the industrilists lock out in 1928 ruhr

• 250,000

How did womens lives improve

• Formal equality

• development of contraception eg. condoms and IUDs

• Had the vote

• more were working

• More gaining employment