MA Ch1-Mental health & communication

How can mental health conditions develop?

• biological factors like genetics or chemical imbalances

• environmental factors like stress, trauma, poor coping habits

• both

Depression

mood disorder caused by chemical imbalance, stress, or environmental factors

• persistent sadness, fatigue, loss of interest, hopelessness, poor sleep or appetite, and sometimes suicidal thoughts

• therapy, medication, exercise, and healthy habits

Anxiety disorders

excessive fear or worry that interferes with daily life

• racing thoughts, restlessness, sweating, rapid heartbeat, difficulty concentrating

• therapy, stress management, relaxation techniques, and medication

ADHD

chronic condition that affects attention, focus, and impulse control; often begins in childhood

• difficulty focusing, forgetfulness, impulsivity, restlessness, excessive talking

• behavioral therapy, structure/routine, and medication

PTSD

develops after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event (abuse, combat, disaster, loss)

• flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance of triggers, mood swings, difficulty sleeping, hypervigilance

• psychotherapy, exposure therapy, and medication

Stressor

anything that causes anxiety, tension, or stress

• external (environment, finances) or internal (emotions, trauma)

White coat syndrome

when a person's blood pressure spikes only when measured in a medical setting, but remains completely normal in their daily life

Environmental stressors

factors in a person’s surroundings that can cause emotional or physical strain

• pollution or poor air quality

• excessive noise or overcrowding

• extreme weather, natural disasters

• discrimination or language barriers

• violence or accidents (theft, car crashes, physical assault)

can lead to physical tension, sleep problems, anxiety, or even PTSD after traumatic events

Socioeconomic stressors

financial and social pressures

• job loss or lack of job security

• sudden large expenses (medical bills, car repairs)

• debt or inability to meet financial obligations

• loss of housing or transportation

• retirement or reduced income

Core principles of communication

• active listening: Pay full attention to what the patient is saying, both verbally and nonverbally.

• empathy: Show understanding and compassion for what the patient feels.

• respect: Treat every patient with dignity, regardless of their background, condition, or attitude.

• clarity: Use simple, clear language to avoid confusion.

• patience: Allow patients time to think and respond—don’t rush their answers.

Communication technique tips

• reflection: Repeat or rephrase the patient’s statement to show understanding and encourage elaboration

• observation: Point out behaviors or changes you notice

• recognition: Acknowledge the patient’s progress or efforts.