PHM 1107-Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts related to pharmaceutical organic chemistry, specifically focused on alkyl halides, their properties, reactions, and nomenclature.

Alkyl Halide

An alkane that has a halogen atom bonded to one of its carbon atoms.

electron density

A measure of the likelihood of an electron being present in a given region; halogens withdraw electron density from adjacent carbons.

Nomenclature

The systematic naming of compounds, specifically treating halogen as a substituent on a parent alkane chain.

substituent

An atom or group of atoms that replaces a hydrogen atom on a hydrocarbon.

SN2 reaction

A bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction where the nucleophile attacks and displaces the leaving group in one concerted step.

Carbocation

A positively charged carbon atom that is typically a planar intermediate in many organic reactions, particularly substitution reactions.

E1 reaction

A unimolecular elimination reaction involving the formation of a carbocation intermediate before the removal of a proton.

β elimination

A type of elimination process in which a proton is removed from the β position, and a halide is ejected from the α position.

Good leaving group

A substituent that can depart with its bonding electrons as a stable species; halide ions are considered good leaving groups.

transition state

A high-energy state during a chemical reaction that represents the point of maximum energy, where bonds are partially broken and formed.

stereospecific

A reaction where a specific stereochemical outcome is produced based on the configuration of the reacting molecules.

Hydride shift

The movement of a hydrogen atom with its bonding pair of electrons from one carbon to another, resulting in a more stable carbocation.

Terpene

A class of natural products derived from plants involving isoprene units, often produced through carbocation rearrangements.

Chloroethane

An alkyl halide used as an anesthetic, refrigerant, and aerosol propellant, that has several medical and industrial applications.

Chloroform

A halogenated compound historically used as an anesthetic, with current uses in solvent applications, extraction and purification processes.