anp 2 lab exam 2 physiology

lung volumes

air moved/ associated with the lungs

tidal volume

volume inspired/ expired during quiet breathing

inspiratory resvere volume

extra volume that can be forcefully inspired over TV

expiratory resvere volume

extra volume that can be forcefully expired over TV

residual volume

the air left in the lungs if you exhale as much air as possible. usuall around 1200mL

respiratory capacities

combination of two or more selected volumes

vital capacity

totoal amount of air that can be moved by the lungs. sum of TV, inspiratory, and expiratory resvere volumes

inspiratory capacity

amount of air that can be inspired. sum of TV and inspiraotry reserve

functional residual capacity

amount of air remaining in lungs after a normal breath. sum of expiraotry resvere and residual volumet

total lung capacity

max air the lungs can hold. sum of vital capacity and residual volume

effects of acidosis (low blood pH)

when CO2 rises > H+ increases > pH drops

central chemorecpetors in the medulla detected H+ which triggers increased rate of breathing (hyperventilation)

effect of decreased oxygen levels (hypoxemia)

increased breathing to aquire more O2

carbs must be broken into

monosaccharides

carb digestion

1. mouth: salvary amylase breaks starch into smaller polysaccharides

2. stomach: no digestion

3. SI: pancreatic amylase breaks into discharges, sucrase breaks into monosaccharides

protein digestion

1. stomach: pepsin breaks into polypeptides

2. SI: peptidase breaks into smaller peptides then amino acids

fat digestion

1. mouth + stomach: minimal digestion from lingual and gastric lipase

2. SI: bile emsulsifies fat, pancreatic lipase breaks into fatty acids and monoglyerides

filtration

movement of water and small solutes from blood to nephron. occurs at the glomerulus

reabsorption

movement of substances from nephron back into blood. happens throughout the tubules.

glucose, amino acids, ions, waterse

secretion

movement of substances from blood to nephron. helps eliminate unwanted substances

H+, drugs, toxins

glomeruluar capillary endothelium

has pores (fenetrations) allow passage of fluid and solutes

basement membrane

main filtration barrier. blocks proteins

podocytes

inner glomerulat capsule with filtration slits.

permeable

water, glucose, amino acids, ions, urea

impermeable

proteins, blood cells

normal pH

4.5-8

normal specific gravity

1.005-1.030

sertoli cell

support cell. nourish developing sperm. secrete inhibin

spermatogonia

stem cells. divide by mitosis

primary spermatocytes

ungergo meiosis 1

secondary spermatocytes

undergo meiosis 2

spermatids

immature sperm

spermatozoa

mature sperm

GnRH

from hypothalamus. stimulates pitutiary to release LH and FSH

LH (men)

stimulates leydig cells > produce testosterone

FSH (male)

acts on sertoli cells > support spermatogenesis

testosterone

required for sperm production,maintains male reproductive structures

oogenium

stem cell present before birth

primary oocyte

arrested in prophase 1 until puberty

secondary oocyte

produced each cell, arrested in metaphase 2o

ovum

only if fertilzation occurs

polar bodies

small cells that discard extra chromosomes

GnRH (female)

stimulate FSH + LH release

FSH (female)

stimulate follicle development (gamate production)

LH (female)

triggers ovulation

estradid

builds uterine lining, causes LH surge (positive feedback)

progestrone

maintains uterine lining after ovulation

follicular phase (about day 1-14)

• FSH → stimulates follicle growth

• Follicles produce estradiol

• Estradiol:

  • Builds endometrium

  • Initially negative feedback, then positive feedback → LH surge

ovulation (about day 14)

• Triggered by LH surge

• Secondary oocyte is released from ovary

luteal phase (about day 15-28)

• Follicle → corpus luteum

• Secretes:

  • Progesterone (dominant)

  • Some estradiol

If no fertilization:

• Corpus luteum degenerates

• ↓ Progesterone & estradiol

• → menstruation

espohagus

transports food

stomach

mechanical and chemcial digestion

small intestine

digestion + absorption

large intestine

water absorption, feces formation

pancreas

digestive enzymes + bicarbonate

liver

produces bile

gallbladder

sotres/releases bile

cardia

entry

fundus

top dome

body

main region

pylorus

exit

pyloric sphincter

controls emptying

greater/lesser curvature

outer/inner curves

rugae

folds for expansion

duodenum

digestion (enzymes + bile)

jejunum

abosoroption

ileum

final absorption

internal spincter

involuntary

external sphincter

voluntary

renal hilum

entry/exit

cortex

outer

medulla

inner

testes

sperm production

seminiferous tubules

spermatogenesis

epididymis

sperm maturation

oviduct (fallopian tube)

fimbriae > infundibulum > ampulla (fertilization) > isthmus

perimetrium

outer uterus

myometrium

uterus muscle

endometrium

uterine lining