Week 1 AB- Intro to Bones, Joints, Nerves, and Integumentary System

PPTS and Tickets

Name the three layers of skin

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

Name two sweat glands

eccrine, apocrine

what love is the primary motor cortex

frontal lobe

Afferent Information is

sensory

Efferent information is

motor

gray matter on neurons

cell bodies and dendrites

white matter on neurons

axons

sensory nerve cell bodies on spine located where

dorsal horn

Sensation areas of the skin that are innervated by a specific spinal nerve

dermatomes

Skeletal System is made up of

bones, ligaments, joints

Long bones

more long than wide

short bones

nearly equal in length and width

flat bones

lots of surface area

Irregular bones

cannot be classified for they are different shapes

sesamoid bones

hang out inside of a tendon; no true articulation with another bone

Cortical Bone - location

along shaft and edge

cortical bone - traits

strong and rigid

cortical bone - structural unit

osteon

Cancellous bone / spongy bone - location

marrow cavity along ends of bone

cancellous bone (spongy) - purpose

abosorb shock, lighten weight

Medullary cavity contains _____

bone marrow

bone marrow purpose

produce WBC, RBC, platelets

Where do most bones begin

with a cartilage model before ossification

where does bone begin to lay down bone tissue

diaphysis

diaphysis is also known as

bone shaft

metaphysis

widening of the diaphysis

epiphysis

end of bone

What is the epiphyseal plate

last place of ossification in long bone (growth plate)

Joints are also known as

articulations

Joints are where ____ come together

two bones

Fibrous joint example

suture of skull

Cartilaginous joint example

intervertebral discs

Synovial joints are covered in

articular (hyaline) cartilage)

Articular (hyaline cartilage) is ______

avascular

avascular means

without blood supply

Synovial joints have a ____ _____

joint capsule

what does the joint capsule produce

synovium (synovial fluid)

purpose of synovium

decrease friction and nutrition

ligaments connect what

bone to bone

ligaments are mainly

collagen

Ligaments help contribute what to the joint

stability

Types of synovial joints

hinge, saddle, gliding, pivot, ellipsoidal

hinge joint example

elbow

saddle joint example

thumb

gliding joint example

in hand

pivot joint example

skull

condyloid joint example (ellipsoidal)

wrist

Three muscle types

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

Fasicle

bundle of muscle fibers

endomysium

fibril meshwork surrounding muscle fiber

endomysium purpose

transfer contractile force to tendon

Perimysium

wraps fasicles

Muscle fiber

individual cell

muscle fiber have ______

motor units

Motor Units are

the connection between the nerve that innervate the muscle and the specific fibers the nerve controls

True or false: there are only a few motor units in a muscles

False: there are MANY

what does the strength of a muscle depend on

the number of motor units recruited

Functions of skeletal muscles

movement, posture, support of ABDP cavity, elimination of waste, produce heat

characteristics of skeletal muscles

excitable, conductive, contractile, extensible, elastic

Myofilaments are

contractile proteins

two types of myofilaments

thick and thin

thick filaments are called

myosin

myosin

contains a head that serves as a binding site for thin filament and to metabolize ATP to ADP and phosphate

Thin filaments are also called

actin

Actin

binds to myosin to create muscle movement

Titin

structure by stabilizing the myosin

Sarcomere

muscle contractile unit

how are sarcomeres arranges

along the length of a muscle fiber

Z discs of sarcomere

anchor thin filaments

A Ban in sarcomere

contains all thick filament

H zone of sarcomere

resting muscle (ONLY MYOSIN)

m line

center of sarcomere

strands of sarcomeres =

myofibrils

arrangement of myofibrils =

striation

when is the muscle at its strongest

when the muscle is at partial contraction

Pennate muscles

shorter fibers with angular alignment toward tendon

pennate muscles purpose

more force

fusiform

longer fibers, straight alignment toward tendon

fusiform purpose

more range of motion (but less force)

sphincter

round and tightly close

parallel muscle fiber arrangement

in straight line

convergent muscle fiber alignment

where muscle fibers meet

tendons attach

muscle to bone

what do tendons do

transfer force of muscle contraction to bone

what tells us which way the muscle will move

muscle fiber direction and tendon attachment