White Matter Connections

Diencephalon

What brain structure is composed of the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus, and Sub- thalamus.

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Where is the satiety center (satisfaction center, that decreases feeding once stimulated) located?

Visual pathways

Which is association fiber is the longest, runs from the optic region to the thalamus?

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Bilateral destruction of what structure can affect eating behaviors → anorexia, refusal of food, cause starvation?

Prognosis of a tumor

________ of a ______ depends on history, size, location, patient age and the effectiveness of surgical, chemical & radiation therapy.

Leptin

What is secreted by fat tissues acts on the Hypothalamus Satiety center (still trying to gain an understanding)?

Melanocytes

________ are also found in your skin and they go looking for more _________ …This is why this type of cancer has a high chance of spreading to the brain and why it has such a high mortality rate.

posterior hypothalamus

Nuclei in the _________ ____________ are active during wakefulness….

Tumors

________: abnormal growth of tissue that form a mass.

behavioral adjustments

Treatments: drug therapy, brain surgery, ________ (avoiding specific triggers) and vagus nerve stimulation.

Anterior Hypothalamus

Which region of the hypothalamus has thermo- sensitive cells that react to increasing body temperature?

Pre-optic area

Neurons in the _____ area are active during sleep, & are responsive environmental stimulation…changes in light.

Perception

________: interpretation of sensation into meaningful form based on what we know and whats around us…involves memory and actively search for the next bit of info from the environment, helps with anticipation.

limit the field that you are able to recognize

Damage to association fiber will..... (if it affects visual pathway)

white matter fibers

In the Basal Ganglia some ________ ______ ______ provide internal feedback to regulate response being sent out.

Korsakoffs Syndrome

Which syndrome associated degeneration in the medial nuclear group, mammillary bodies... patients present as disoriented, having memory disruptions & have hallucinations?

Melatonin

________ has some interaction with the pre- optic area, signals the hypothalamus to make the shift from posterior to anterior activity.

Basal Ganglia

________: a lot of information goes to and from, a lot of white matter connections that control movement are present & is vital for normal motor function

Commissural fibers

________: connect homologous areas of the cerebral hemispheres, "connect like functioning" regions together

Uncinate

Which long association fiber travels under the Uncas and Insula from Orbital frontal to temporal?

Inhibitory

What type of stimulation to the basal ganglia produces smaller movements?

Adreno-cortiocotropic hormone

Which hormone stimulates release of glucocorticoids?

Cingulum

Which long association fiber underlies the cingulate gyrus and connects it to the parahippocampal gyrus?

Hypothalamus

Which structure of the diencephalon is essential for survival, integrates behaviors w /visceral function?

Pineal Gland

Which structure has the main function in the secretion of melatonin?

Relay nuclei

________: conveys information from the sensory systems, the basal ganglia, or the cerebellum synapses then sends info to the cortex.

Arcuate

Which long association fiber bundle peals from the superior longitudinal to connect Opercular Frontal with Superior Temporal?

Pituitary tumor affecting the Hypothalamus

Symptoms such as headache, nausea, vomiting, irregular menses and lactation & sexual dysfunction are signs of a possible.....affecting the?

Pituitary Gland

Which gland controls a lot of endocrine function, _____ hormones target.

Callostomy

What is the procedure name when the corpus callosum is severed (can be partial) due to excessive neuronal activity can not be controlled by medication?

Nonspecific Nuclei

________: regulates consciousness, arousal and attention (nuclei in the thalamus)

behaviors & visceral function

The hypothalamus integrates ________ with ________.

Thalamic Syndrome

________: lesion in the thalamus, will show up as a loss of sensation on the opposite side, pain on the opposite side or hypersensitivity to stimuli that will be felt on the opposite side.

Hypothalamus aids

Which diencephalon structure is in charge of controlling hormones responsible to control metabolism, reproduction, response to stress and urine production?

Thalamus Lesions

________: a lesion will interrupt the ascending pathways, severely compromising the contralateral sensation (2nd and 3rd order neuron will not connect)

Partial seizures

What it is categorized when excessive neuronal activity affect only a restricted area of the cortex?

Superior Longitudinal

Which long association fiber travels from frontal to occipital lobe?

Inferior Longitudinal

Which long association fiber travels from temporal to occipital lobe?

Projection fibers

Which fiber take information out from subcortical region to the cerebral cortex?

Hypothalamus

Which structure of the diencephalon receives input & communicates with the vagus nerve?

Posterior pituitary gland

________ produces adrenocorticotropic & oxytocin …regulation of BP, fluid balance in the kidneys, Aids in childbirth.

Thalamus

The ________, utilizing the interneurons…self regulation occurs double checking the input of various information. (structure)

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus, Sub-thalamus

What the structures of the diencephalon?

Thalamus

Where are the main functional groups of the nuclei found?

Relay nuclei

_________: conveys information from the sensory systems, the basal ganglia, or the cerebellum synapses then sends info to the cortex (nuclei in the thalamus)

Association Nuclei

_______: processes emotional and integrates sensory information into our memory (nuclei in the thalamus)

Nonspecific Nuclei

______: regulates consciousness, arousal and attention (nuclei in the thalamus)

Thalamus Lesions

What type of lesion will interrupt the ascending pathways, severely compromising the contralateral sensation (2nd and 3rd order neuron will not connect)?

Red Neuron

What neuron plays a role in checking, it confirms that the level of response is equivalent or what is needed for the incoming stimulus?

Korsakoffs Syndrome

What syndrome is associated with chronic alcoholism…Patients have degeneration in the medial nuclear group, mammillary bodies?

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Which projection from the thalamus carries visual Stimuli → Occipital Lobe (on the cortex)?

Pulvinar

Which projection from the thalamus carries sensory association region → Parietal lobe?

Growth Hormone

Which hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland increases growth in tissues?

Thyroid-stimulating Hormone

Which hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland increase in thyroid hormone secretion?

Adreno-cortiocotropic hormone

Which hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland stimulates release of glucocorticoids?

Association fibers

Which fibers connect cortical regions (lobes) w/in 1 hemisphere…never will cross?

short association fibers

Which fibers connect adjacent gyri?

Perception

What is the term of the interpretation of sensation into meaningful form based on what we know and whats around us…involves memory and actively search for the next bit of info from the environment?

Projection fibers

Which fibers project information out from subcortical region to the cerebral cortex?

excitatory

What type of stimulus to the basal ganglia would produces larger movements?

Commissural fibers

Which kind of fibers connect homologous areas of the cerebral hemispheres?

Epilepsy

What is the clinical diagnosis of the miss firing of the cortex?

Damage to the posterior thalamus to where you cannot feel your body/environment accurately

Where is the damage in Lateropulsion aka Pushers Syndromes?

lateropulsion aka Pushers Syndrome

When a patient presents involuntarily pushing away from you from their less paretic side as you work on transfers, walking, sitting this is classified as what syndrome?

No they are not aware, it is a compulsive behavior

Are Korsakoff's patients aware of what they are saying whether its reality of something they've made up?

Cutaneous vasodilation & sweating, prevent over heating

Stimulation of the Anterior Hypothalamus will lead to ...

Cutaneous vasoconstriction & shivering, heat production/conservation

Stimulation of the Posterior Hypothalamus will lead to....

Orexin

The lateral zone of the hypothalamus contains _____ & when it is released it increases ones appetite.

anorexia

Lack of orexin ->

Excessive hunger and thirst (never fulfilled)

Damage to the Ventromedial hypothalamus leads to what?