Unit 8: endocrine glands

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Last updated 7:42 PM on 4/28/26

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8 Terms

1

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Hypothalamus

links the nervous system and the endocine system through the pituitary gland
thyrotroptin RH: tells pituitary to activate thyroid. ex: body needs to increase metabolism
corticotropin RH: tells pituitary gland to activate adrenal glands
Gonadotropin RH: stimulates reproduction hormones. ex: puberty starts
Growth hormone RH: stimulates growth hormone release
dopamine (inhibiting) hormone: stops prolactin release. ex: stops unecessary milk production
oxytocin

<ul><li><p>links the nervous system and the endocine system through the pituitary gland</p></li><li><p>thyrotroptin RH: tells pituitary to activate thyroid. ex: body needs to increase metabolism </p></li><li><p>corticotropin RH: tells pituitary gland to activate adrenal glands</p></li><li><p>Gonadotropin RH: stimulates reproduction hormones. ex: puberty starts </p></li><li><p>Growth hormone RH: stimulates growth hormone release </p></li><li><p>dopamine (inhibiting) hormone: stops prolactin release. ex: stops unecessary milk production </p></li><li><p>oxytocin </p></li></ul><p></p>

2

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Pituitary gland

Anterior pituitary

makes hormones
growth hormone: stimulates bone and muscle growth
Thyroid SH: activates thyroid which controls metabolism
adrenocorticotropic TH: stimulates adrenal cortex which releases cortisol
follicle SH: egg development and sperm production
Luteinizing hoemone: ovulation and testosterone
prolacting RL: stimulates milk production after giving birth

Posterior pituitary

anti-diuretic hormone: helps kidneys reabsorb water
oxytocin: uterine contractions

<p>Anterior pituitary </p><ul><li><p>makes hormones </p></li><li><p>growth hormone: stimulates bone and muscle growth </p></li><li><p>Thyroid SH: activates thyroid which controls metabolism </p></li><li><p>adrenocorticotropic TH: stimulates adrenal cortex which releases cortisol </p></li><li><p>follicle SH: egg development and sperm production </p></li><li><p>Luteinizing hoemone: ovulation and testosterone </p></li><li><p>prolacting RL: stimulates milk production after giving birth </p></li></ul><p></p><p>Posterior pituitary</p><ul><li><p>anti-diuretic hormone: helps kidneys reabsorb water </p></li><li><p>oxytocin: uterine contractions </p></li></ul><p></p>

3

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Thyroid gland

T3 and T4: increase metabolism (faster heart-rate, more energy use)
Calcitonin: lowers blood calcium

<ul><li><p>T3 and T4: increase metabolism (faster heart-rate, more energy use)</p></li><li><p>Calcitonin: lowers blood calcium </p></li></ul><p></p>

4

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Parathyroid glands

parathyroid hormone: increases calcium levels in the blood
breaks down bone, increases calcium absorption into the blood, and reduces calcium loss in urine

<ul><li><p>parathyroid hormone: increases calcium levels in the blood </p></li><li><p>breaks down bone, increases calcium absorption into the blood, and reduces calcium loss in urine </p></li></ul><p></p>

5

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Adrenal glands

Adrenal medulla

fast response
fight or flight (increases heart rate, breathing, and blood glucose)
secretes norepinephrine

Adrenal cortex

slower response
creates long-term/chronic stress
raises blood sugar levels
supresses immune system
secretes aldosterone which controls water and salt balance

<p>Adrenal medulla </p><ul><li><p>fast response </p></li><li><p>fight or flight (increases heart rate, breathing, and blood glucose)</p></li><li><p>secretes norepinephrine </p></li></ul><p></p><p>Adrenal cortex</p><ul><li><p>slower response </p></li><li><p>creates long-term/chronic stress</p></li><li><p>raises blood sugar levels </p></li><li><p>supresses immune system </p></li><li><p>secretes aldosterone which controls water and salt balance </p></li></ul><p></p>

6

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Pancreas

secretes insulin which lowers blood sugar levels, moves glucose into cells
ex: after eating insulin rises
secretes glucagon: raises blood sugar and breaks down stored glycogen
ex: when fasting glucagon rises

<ul><li><p>secretes insulin which lowers blood sugar levels, moves glucose into cells</p></li><li><p>ex: after eating insulin rises </p></li><li><p>secretes glucagon: raises blood sugar and breaks down stored glycogen </p></li><li><p>ex: when fasting glucagon rises </p></li></ul><p></p>

7

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Ovaries

releases etrogen:

- regulates female traits like breasts and fat distribution

releases progesterone:

- maintains pregnancy

- prepares uterus lining

<ul><li><p>releases etrogen:</p></li></ul><p>- regulates female traits like breasts and fat distribution </p><ul><li><p>releases progesterone:</p></li></ul><p>- maintains pregnancy </p><p>- prepares uterus lining </p><p></p>

8

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Testes

secretes testosterone:

- regulates male traits like facial hair and deep voice

- sperm production

<ul><li><p>secretes testosterone:</p></li></ul><p>- regulates male traits like facial hair and deep voice </p><p>- sperm production </p><p></p>