4 - Anaerobic Energy

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers the fundamental concepts of anaerobic energy, including metabolic reaction types, bioenergetics, macronutrients, and the specific mechanisms of the ATP-PC and Glycolytic energy systems.

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body.

Anabolic Reactions

The category of reactions responsible for the construction of molecules.

Catabolic Reactions

The category of reactions responsible for the destruction of molecules.

Exergonic Reactions

Reactions that release energy and heat, typically characterized by small energy in and large energy out.

Endergonic Reactions

Reactions that absorb energy and heat, typically characterized by large energy in and small energy out.

Oxidation

A reaction describing the transfer of electrons where an electron is lost.

Reduction

A reaction describing the transfer of electrons where an electron is gained.

OiL RiG

A mnemonic used to remember electron transfer: Oxidation is Losing, Reduction is Gaining.

Enzymes

Catalysts that regulate the speed of reactions primarily by lowering activation energy.

Lock & Key Model

A model where enzymes only interact with specific substances (substrates) to produce a finished product.

Substrate

The initial substance that enters an enzyme to produce a product.

Bioenergetics

The study of how living organisms produce energy.

Energy

The capacity to do work by the application of force.

Kinetic Energy

Energy defined as movement energy.

Potential Energy

Energy defined as stored energy.

Law of Energy Conservation

A law stating that the total energy of a system remains constant; it can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed.

Carbohydrate

A macronutrient consisting of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms, classified by the amount of sugars.

Monosaccharide

A type of carbohydrate consisting of $1$ sugar.

Disaccharide

A type of carbohydrate consisting of $2$ sugars.

Polysaccharide

A type of carbohydrate consisting of $2+$ sugars.

Glucose

A monosaccharide commonly known as blood sugar that provides energy for exercise.

Glycogen

The storage form of glucose found in the liver and muscles, classified as a polysaccharide.

Fat (Lipid)

A macronutrient used primarily for energy production and storage.

Fatty Acids

The primary type of fat used by skeletal muscle, found in blood and cells.

Triglycerides

The storage form of fat that can be broken down into fatty acids for skeletal muscle use.

Protein

A macronutrient comprised of a chain of amino acids; it is not primarily used for exercise but can be converted into glucose or metabolic intermediates.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

An energy carrying molecule found in the cells of all living things, consisting of Adenosine and three Phosphates.

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

A molecule produced after a phosphate has been released from ATP; it is unable to provide energy for muscle contraction.

ATPase

The enzyme responsible for the breakdown of ATP into ADP, Phosphate, and Energy.

ATP-PC System

The first system to produce ATP at the onset of exercise, providing energy for approximately $10$ seconds of maximal intensity exercise.

Phosphocreatine (PC)

The fuel source for the ATP-PC system that is broken down to synthesize ATP.

Creatine Kinase

The enzyme that assists in the breakdown of Phosphocreatine (PC).

Glycolytic System

The second energy system that uses anaerobic glycolysis to provide ATP through the breakdown of glucose or glycogen.

Anaerobic Glycolysis

The process of converting muscular stores of glycogen into glucose and then into pyruvate to resynthesize ATP.

Lactic Acid

The by-product of the Glycolytic System formed when there is not enough oxygen present to process hydrogen ions and pyruvate.