Chapter 1: intro to anatomy

Anatomy

study of structure of body parts

atom

the basic units of matter that make up all substances, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons; join to form molecules

molecules

combinations of two or more atoms

macromolecules

large molecules formed by the combination of smaller molecules, often including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.

tissues

groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function in an organism.

organs

structure consisting of two or more tissues that performs a specialized function

organ system

group of organs coordinated to carry on a specialized function

organism

individual living thing

5 characteristics of life

1. Growth

2. reproduction

3. responsiveness

4. movement

5. metabolism

metabolism

sum of all chemical reactions in a body given at any given time

What are the environments required to maintain life?

Chemicals, Heat, Pressure

homeostasis

dynamic state in which the body’s internal environment is maintained in the normal range

What are the 3 homeostatic mechanisms?

Receptor (provide info about specific conditions in the internal environment), set point (tells what a particular value should be), effectors (bring about responses that alter conditions in the internal environment)

negative feedback

mechanism that returns the level of a chemical or other substance or condition in the internal environment to its set point level

positive feedback mechanism

a process that moves conditions away from the normal state

axial

pertaining to the head, neck, and trunk

appendicular

pertaining to the upper or lower limbs

cranial cavity

space within the skill that houses the brain

vertebral canal

space within the vertebral column that contains the spinal cord and is protected by the vertebrae.

thoracic cavity

chest space that houses the lungs and heart

abdominopelvic cavity

the space that contains the abdominal and pelvic organs, including the stomach, intestines, liver, and reproductive organs.

viscera

organs located within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

parietal

membrane attached to the wall of a cavity

visceral

membrane that is deeper—toward the interior— and covers an internal organ

parietal pleura

serous membrane that covers the inner surface of the thoracic cavity wall

visceral pleura

serous membrane that covers the surface of each lung

pleural cavity

potential space between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes

pericardial membrane

two layers of membrane that enclose the heart; visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium

pericardial cavity

potential space between the visceral and parietal pericardial membranes

peritoneal membrane

serous membrane in the abdominopelvic cavity composed of the parietal peritoneum (lines the wall) and the visceral peritoneum (covers each organ in the abdominal cavity)

peritoneal cavity

fluid filled space inside the abdomen

What are the organ systems and their purpose?

1. Integumentary - body covering

2. Skeletal - support and movement

3. Muscular - support and movement

4. Nervous - integration and coordination

5. Endocrine - integration and coordination

6. Cardiovascular - transport (carries nutrients)

7. Lymphatic - transport (body’s defense against infection)

8. Digestive - absorption and secretion (food)

9. Respiratory - absorption and secretion (air in and out, exchange gases between blood and air)

10. Urinary - absorption and secretion (removes wastes from blood and maintain body’s water and electrolytes)

11. Reproduction - produce offspring

superior

body part is above another part

inferior

body part is below another body part

anterior

towards the front

posterior

toward the back

medial

an imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves; body part is medial if its closer to midline than another part

lateral

toward the side, away from midline

bilateral

refer to paired structures; one of which is one each side of the midline (ex: the lungs are bilateral)

ipsilateral

refers to structures on the same side

contralateral

refer to structures on opposite sides

proximal

a body part that is closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part is

distal

the opposite of proximal; a particular body part is farther from a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part is

superficial

situated near the surface

deep

parts that are more internal than superficial parts

sagittal

lengthwise plane that divides the body into right and left portions

transverse

refers to a plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions

frontal

refers to a plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

abdominal

the region between thorax and pelvis

acromial

the point of the shoulder

antebrachial

the forearm

antecubital

the space in front of the elbow

axillary

the armpit

brachial

the arm

buccal

the cheek

calcaneal

the heel

carpal

the wrist

celiac

the abdomen

cephalic

the head

cervical

the neck

costal

the ribs

coxal

the hip

crural

the leg

cubital

elbow

digital

the finger or toe

dorsal

the back

fermoral

thigh

frontal

forehead

genital

external reproductive organs

gluteal

buttocks

inguinal

the groin—the depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh

lumbar

the loin— the region of the lower back between the ribs and pelvis

mammary

breast

mnetal

chin

nasal

nose

occipital

lower posterior region of the head

oral

the mouth

orbital

bony socket of the eye

palmar

palm of the hand

patellar

the front of the knee

pectoral

the anterior chest

pedal

foot

pelvic

pelvis

perineal

the perineum — the inferior most region of the trunk between the buttocks and the thighs

plantar

the sole of the foot

popliteal

the area behind the knee

sacral

posterior region between the hip bones

sternal

middle of the thorax, anteriorly

sural

calf of the leg

tarsal

ankle

umbilical

navel

vertebral

spinal column