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Chavin de Huantar

CHAVIN, Stone+granite

ADORNED WITH JAGUAR SCULTPURE.

10k ft above sea level, 200 ft tall, by a river, and building is cardinaldirections
Religious capital! Many pilrims came, making their style WIDESPREAD!

OLD TEMPLE: hidden entrence with mazelike tunnels, acoustics could have created a godlike voice

LANZON: spear stone inside the old temple, PATRON DIETY! VERY LARGE! Looks like a DIGGING STICK, just like agriculture. connection to heaven & earth with figure pointing. Zoomorphic+anthropomorhpic (snakes, jaguar_)

Relief sculpture: COUNTOUR RIVALRY! jaguar heads with snake motifs

NOSE ORNAMENT: high status, spiritual transform. snake!! (zoomorphic :P)

Yaxchilian

MAYAN, limestone

Terraace near a river (natural protection + resources)

Main plaza surrounded by other buildings. ROOF COMBS FOR VERTICAL!!!
Numerous carved stealae, with history, dietiest, achievement. DIDACTIC!!!!!

Structure 40: Commisioned by Bird Jaguar, shows his accomplishments.

Structure 33: Bird jaguar defeating his enemies

BOTH flank the acropolis and have roof combs

LINEL 25, Structure 23
Set above a building, instruments for blood offerings (BLOOD RITUALS WERE COMMON, feed and please the gods!)

This stuff is dated with the mayan calendar, 25&23 show his ascension date

Mesa Verde Cliff Dwellings

ANASAZI, sandstone

Built into the cliffside. Also contained wodden beams + ston + mud mortar
Housed 250+ people, likely clans who worked together
Farming was done above it and supplies were stored on the ledges (cool and dry)
ALL FACD a main plaza (dotted with KIVAS, pits to gather)

Great Serpent Mound

MISSISIPIANS, Earthwork!

Added to and changed over long periods of time. Unclear origin!
Could only be appreciated from a high place.
Coule represent a snake (crop fertility), eagle eating a sun, halleys comet, or calendar

Templo Mayor

AZTECS, stone

In Tenoctitlan, CAPITAL of Aztec Empire.
Represented Coatepec, snake mountain.
Pyramid surrounded by two temples, devoded to Tlaloc (god of rain/aggies) and Huitzilopochtil (god of sun and war)

TOGETHER = burnt water = warfare

Rebuilt several times

CALENDAR STONE:
Basalt
sculpted motifs around aztec mythology. cyclical nature of time+life. Coordinate and plan rituals.
Regular sacrafice= happy god (Happy god happy pod?)

OLMEC STYLE MASK
Jadeite
Made by olmec people, way older than the other artifacts!!! Olmec style is like heavy lidded eyes, frowning mouths.

Coyolxauhqui Stone

AZTECS! Volcanic stone

Cicular relief sculpture depicting aztec mythology!!!! Coyolxauqui+brothers murdering Coatlique, and those parts becoming gods
Figure is NAKED (embarrasing)

Stones purpose enemies were sacraficed, bodies were thrown below.

Rulers Feather Headdress

AZTEC, feathers+gold

Belonged to Moctezume II
Green feathers come from QUETZAL BIRDS! SACRED!!
MANY FEATHERS. 400= symbolizes eternity
Given as a sign of respect/goodwill or taken forcefiully, idk

Maize Cobs

INCA, Sheet metal+ REPOUSEE!!!!!!!!!, gold and silver alloy

MAIZE=FOD STAPLE!!
Comes in different colors, like black (oxidized silver)
Life size = could have been in a garden of maize/food staples, Offering to gods? bountiful harvest? or a representation of the bounties produced.
Cuzco= axis mundi, so maybe the garden was like the universe

City of Cuzco

Inca, Andesite.

Incans axis mundi :P

CAPITAL! City plan looks like a PUMA!!! so cool (royalty!)

City = social organization, upper and lowerclass nieghborhoods.
Social+cultural center, many sent there to be educated

Pumas anatomy corresponds with city centers (heart=square, belly=plaza)

WALLS at Saqsa Waman
Sandstone, located in nhead. ASHLAR MASONRY!!!! big and heavy stones from far away

Qorikancha: main temple, church+covent of Santo Domingo

REMAINS of the temple became Santo Domingo
Temple devoted to sun god Inti (ancestor of Incas in beliefs), holiest site
REALLY IMPORTANT, so consistent blocks, double jambed doors, and decorated in gold..!!
Wall tapers up (INCA characteristic)
Used as an OBSEVATORY!

Machu Picchu

INCAS!!! Granite :P

View of mountain peaks, which were ancestral deities.
Royal retreat for the ruling class, estate.
Also location for religious ceremonies and admin
ASHLAR MASONRY!!!! buildings made to fit in the terraces of cliffs.
Terrace farms!
200+ buildings, trapezoidal!!

Observatory: ASHLAR MASONRY! tracked the suns movements

Intihuantana Stone: hitching post of the sun, during solstices the sun would be directly ahead, no shadow.

All-T'oqapu tunic

INCAS, camelid fiber + cotton

WOVEN GARMENTS= STATUS SYMBOL! yanno cuz dye+skill

ACLLAS (chosen women) weaved textiles!
Few cuts were made to wear.

T'OQAPU small squares that make up each piece. Symbolizes an individual/event/accomplishment
Abstract designs and motifs!

Bandolier Bag

LENAPE, beadwork & leather

Many first nations make these, which fvary in style.

PRARIE STYLE (natural and abstract floral designs)
Worn by med, made by women, object of status!
When natiosn were relocated they were influenced by regional styles

TRADE!!! glass beads from europe, imported cotton and silk

Transformation Mask

Kwakwaka'wakw, wood paint and string

Diverse group of people that all believe dead ancestors roam the earth and transform themselves

COMPLETE BODY COSTUME in a DANCE PERFORMANCE, pulls strings to close mask.
Worn during a potlatch (status ceremony)
Mask represented the upper class, displayed family seals.
Linked families to supernatural ancestral lineages

Ravens/eagles signifigant! Ravens: tricksters, useful to humans. Eagles thunderbirds! POWERR

Formline style (primary colors, round shaves, wood carving)

Hide painting of a sun dance

Eastern Shoshone, Elk hide COTSIOGO

Relocated communities, so they had to sustain themselves with art trade.

ADVERTISED ACCOMPLISHMENTS (warriors) NARRATED EVENTS! could b on ur wall tho

Painted for european/american markets! imported pigments and tourist appeal

Nostalgic images of old nomadic ways of life
Sun dance performed, honours the reator diety and ensures a hunt! Put in other elements to avoid scrutiny since it was illegal

Black on Black ceramic vessel

Puebloan, blackware ceramic. MARIA AND JULIAN MARTINEZ!!!

Very old tradition! Made for the fine art market cuz factory made stuff!

Specialized and time consuming.
Made with local minerals, NO WHEEL BTW, highly polished

TEAM of artist, traditional shapes + mythic motifs. Community based nature of puebloan cultures. Also, signed a bunch of pots she didnt make so ppl could sell more

The Ardabil Carpet

1539-1540. Maqsud of Kashan. Silk warp and weft with wood pile.
MATCHING PAIR :) Made for a FUNERARY MOSQUE?! RIP?! Devoted to Safin al-Din Ardabili (SUFI LEADER)
Damaged in an earthquake.
HUGE VERSION OF A PRAYER CARPET!!!!! With intricate knotwork, very detailed
Center medallion represents the inside of a dome, mosque lamps hanging.
Produced by 10+ men (MAQSUD: people who made carpets) Very important

The Kaaba

631-631, Granite masonry, silk curtain, gold and silver thread. Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
Mecca is the spiritual center of Islam, MOST holy and sacred site.
Embodies ⅖ pillars of Islam (Pray to Mecca and pilgrimage to it)
Tawaf: Pilgrims walk around the Kaaba (wearing white, purity, modesty, equality)
Build by Ibrahim and Ishmael, the only original part is the blackstone (given by archangel Gabriel)
When Muhammed returned to Mecca from Medina, he reclaimed the Kaaba for Islam and expelled false idols.
Surrounding space has been made into a mosque, repairs and modifications are continued to be made.
The kiswah (silk tapestry covering it) is replaced annually, inscribed with versed from the Qur'an

Great Mosque (or Friday Mosque)

700, brick, wood, plaster, ceramic tile. Isfahan, Iran
Originally built in 700, but expansins continued until the 20th century to fit the community (Umma)
Most Muslim cities have a congregational mosque. Hubs for the community, flanked with markets and roads.
Sahn is away from the noise/traffic, isolated.
Has 4 Iwan (arched doorways). One centrally placed for each side
Largest most decorative iwan contains 2 minarets, points towards mecca.
First mosque to have four iwan construction.

Taj Mahal

1632-1653. Stone, marble, precious/semi-precious stones. Agra, India.
POWER! SPLENDOR! PARADISE! Commissioned by SHAH JANAH, in memory of his wife.
Agra (city) was a riverfront city = wealth wealthy wealthy! (trade)
Garden = PARADISE!
Interior floor plan resembles eight levels of paradise.
Elaborate tomb complex
Lots of white marble (purity) which is unusual, since the holy space is HUGE!!!!1
WHITE MARBLE = $$$!!!!Red stone - function (red=military)
TWO red buildings, a mosque and a gate
HIGHLY symmetrical design, visual harmony reflected in the gardens.
Floral/geometric motifs
Minarets frame the comp
SACRED GEOMETRY= BEAUTY IN THOSE FORMS

Treasury and Great Temple of Petra

400 BCE, 100 CE. Cute rock. Jordan.
CENTRAL CITY OF NABATEANS, nomads across the arabian peninsula (RICH FROM SELLING MYRRH)
Along a CENTRAL HUB! Over FIVE HUNDRED (500) cut rock TOMBS for ROYALS built into sandstone cliffs
Treasury (Al-Khazneh)
Cut directly into the cliff - SUBTRACTIVE
GREEK!!!!! GREEK INFLUENCE.
HELLENISTIC GREEK: Corinthian columns, pediment, 2 story, greek/roman gods, central tholos.
Indigenous traditions shown in depiction of egyptian/assyrian gods
Columns NOT evenly spaced.
Great Temple
Columns are stacked rock disks carved on top of eachother.
Temple could have been an apadana (AUDIENCE HALL)
Flanks GARDENS AND POOLS (complex water collection/management.. IN THE DESERT..!)

Court of Gayumars

1522-1525, Workshop of Sultan Muhammed. Ink, watercolor, gold on paper
Safavid origin, big patron of the arts and many were produced.
Commissioned for Shah Tahmsap
Created for Shahs, and celebrating their achievements.
DIDACTIC! Meant to teach other shahs to be great.
Depicts the first king of persia surrounded by his court with his son and grandson.
PEACEFUL- even animals are tame.
LEOPARD SKIN: status
Composition is balanced, harmonial. Chinese influence on painting style in trees and clouds.
NOT RELIGIOUS = human and animals OK to draw!

Bahram Gur Fights the Karg

1310-1340, Persia? Ink, watercolor, gold, silver on paper
Persian manuscripts were influenced and highly resemble Chinese paintings, brought by Mongols in the 1200s.
Depicts Bahram Gur fighting a horned wolf (Karg), from a Shahnameh manuscript (just like the other one)
Warrior on horseback is relatable for the nomadic mongols.
The DIDACTIC narrative teaches kings to be brave.
Hierarchy of scale: Large, also in a victory pose.
Allegorical: order over chaos.
Influence from other cultures:
King wearing a crown, halo, and European fabrics is christian European influence.
Chinese painting influence seen in the background, and overlapping planes with atmospheric perspective.

Folio from a Quran

700-800, Arab, North Africa, or Near East. Ink, color, and hold on parchment
One of the earliest Quran. The Illuminated section is an ornamented script. Uses geometric and vegetal shapes, HUMANS/ANIMALS BANNED!
Kufic script, used in many Quran.
Ornamented scripts were difficult to read, this was instead simple to read. Bigger text also means more important words.
Consonants represented by the script vowels are the red dots.
Each chapter is illuminated in gold. This is THE SPIDER, people who believe in idols/not allah build FLIMSY HOMES!!!
Six small dots represent the beginning of the verse.

Basin (Baptistere de St. Louis)

1320-1340. Muhammed ibn al-Zain. Niello with brass inlaid with gold and silver.
Niello: Black paste used to enhance lines of an engraving
Signed SIX TIMES!!!!!
Patron is unknown... could have been used as a banquet dish or for ritual hand washing. Later used for baptisms.
Maybe a gift? To a sultan?
Outside:
Mamluk court scenes, hunting and battle scenes. (Mamluks were a North indian muslim empires)
4 roundels depicting horsemen, 20 Mamluk officials in court finery, and mongols (ENEMIES!!)
Inside:
Hunting scenes, animals, coat of arms (FLUER DE LIS added LATER by the french..)
Aquatic animal imagery on the bottom!!! Fish, eels, crabs, frogs. ALLUDE to the basin holding WATER? PURPOSE
HORROR VACUI! Also pricey materials = LUXURY GOOD

Dome of the Rock (Qubbat al Sakhra)

691-692. Stone Masonry, wood roof, glazed ceramic tile, MOSAICS, gilt aluminum, bronze DOME! Jerusalem
One of the first ever made, commissioned by Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik to be a religious focal point.
Significant to all Abrahamic faiths:
Christianity: Rock where Abraham almost sacrificed Isaac.
Islam: where muhammed embarked on his ascension to heaven
Judaism: the rock where God created the world.
Pilgrimage site (COMPETING WITH MECCA, CIVIL WAR). Also designed to circumambulate! Woaw
Shape and size are similar to Christian martyriums (SAN VITALE!!!! Remember this..) Perhaps built to outshine christianity hmm?
Contains some of the OLDEST quran verses, FIRST building to have verses IN the architecture!!!!!!! What!!
Striped architecture similar to many islamic buildings
Exterior columns are from roman ruins so spolia :) (SPOLIA!!!! GUYS!!!!)

Wall plaque, from Oba's palace

Edo people, Cast Brass. (LOST WAX PROCESS BAYBEE)

Several hundred plaques to decorate walls, used to show lineage (didactic). OBA (king) descendant of the founding ancestor, flanked by attendants.
HIERARCHY OF SCALE!
Brass+metal= royalty
Beneficial trade W/ the Portuguese, coral and brass for cloth peppers and beads.

Sika dwa kofi (Golden Stool)

Ashanti (GHANA), Gold on wood!

Sacred object, soul+symbol of Ashanti nation. SPECIAL OCCASIONS! it was brought by a priest.
NOT ACTUALLY A STOOL!!! Never touch the ground/humans. sits on a throne, bells warn kind of danger.
Stools=significant for Ashanti people, given for milestones. part of the soul lies in the stool
Also war fought over it because british are cringe 😂😂😂

SUNUM=SOUL

Ndop (portrait figure)

Kuba people (CONGO!!), Wood

Kuba ruler in ideal state! Represents ruler, compliments ORAL TRADITION!!
Rulers ACCOMPLISHMENTS and VIRTUES!
Face is calm (beyond mortal shit)
Head is HUGE (so smart)
Each king gets one, secures place in history. Crosslegged on a stool with a peace knife! Really freaking old

NYIM= ruler
NDOP= portrait figure

Nkisi n'Kondi (power figure)

Kongo people (CONGO!), Wood+metal

NKISI= SPIRIT
NGANGA= Shaman

Spirit is contained/released in vessels to impact community.
ANTHROPOMORHPIC
Bless or curse, seal contracts. Punish oath breakers!
Nails= serious, pegs= settlements are inserted (sometimes with spit)
Hole (SOUUULLL) holds medicine and objects related to ngnga)
Upright, rigid, open mouth

Mblo (portrait mask)

OWIE KIMOU!! Baule people, wood & pigment stuffs

MBLO performance
GBAGBA!!: honours an individual w/ dances and tribute, mask is a gift
Dancers wear the mask and the honorees clothes
Idealized representation,
Pronounces eyes, thin noses, broad foreheads (health, modesty, wisdom)
Quiet and beautiful faces (INNER BEAUTTYYY)
NON ROYALS!!

Pwo (Female) Mask

CHOWKE PEOPLES, Wood, riber, pigment, metal)

Worn by men, who look and move by women. Meant to honor female ancestors (MATERNAL SOCIETY) and mothers :)
ENLARGED EYE SOCETS, SLENDER NOSES, CLOSED EYES!!!
Wisdom, spirituality, modesty!!
Marks underneath=tears (INITIATION?)
Ideal beauutttyyy!!
MASK may be discarded when not being used!!!!!!!!!

Bundu Helmet Mask

MENDE PEOPLE! Wood, cloth, fiber

WORN BY WOMEN!!!!!!!! Top of the head,
CELEBRATES ADULTHOOD! Initiation ceremony
Girls are dressed as SOWEI (water spirit) wearing fiber gown, rings = head through water!!!
Could also be initiation into SANDE society (education)
Elaborate hairstyle (STATUS) foreheads (WISDOM) and closed eyes (MODESTYY)
APPEALING TO SPIRITS!
Black = coolness, water, humanity

Ikenga

IGBO PEOPLE, Wood

PHYSICAL PROWESS! Utility of right hand (Literally meaning strong right hand)

STRENGTH! MASCULINIY! POTENCY! Horns= aggressive rams, portrait figure in the way it = rank, achievements..!!!
More power -> bigger and more epic Ikenga
Must be blessed with offerings in public before use, kept in a special area.

Inherited sometimess

Lukasa (memory board)

LUBA PEOPLE, wood, beads, metal

DIDACTIC WOWWW!!!!!!!!!!! Helps the user remember and show ey elements of stories!!! ORAL TRADITION!!
MBUDYE SOCIETY: designated historians!!!

Sometiems come ith song/dance, also can tell future,,.. sometimes..!
CONSULT FOR DESCISIONS!

Carved from wood, adorned with beads, shells, metal, to interpertet
ZOOMOPRHICCC!!!!!! Crocodile! ANIMALS THAT LIVE IN LAND AND WATER
TWO LEADERS IN LUBA SOCIETY, Mbudye (historian) and Kaloba (Chief)

Nlo Bieri

Fang people, wood

Places on reliquaries to guard contents (VERY COOL! Like saint foy! sometimes clan leaders bones and stuff)
NOMADIC PEOPLE

Sits on the container, feat dangling=protection
Could be didatic, teach about ancestors or consultations (LIKE LUKASA WOW)

DUALITY!! (So important in Fang culture)
Tranquility (closed eyes, relaxed) VS Strong (muscles and protection)
YOUTH (big head) vs adulthood (torso)
Infants are like connection between living and dead btw
Female ones were made for like women with long lineages/?

Veranda Post of Enthroned King and Senior Wife

YORUBA PEOPLE, wood and pigment.

Four veranda posts carved for a palace.
Liberal use of negative space, openness!!!!

KING AT THE CENTER! Senior wife crowns the king, protects and advises him. LARGE! IMPORTANT
Large heads (smarties) and large eyes
Flute playing god, junior wife, fan bearer

Conical Tower and Circular Wall of Great Zimbabwe

SHONA PEOPLE, granite =)

UNSUAL TO FIND STONE?? (especially cuz most were influenced by islam!!)

Trading center, royal complex, had royal homes.
Recieved very faraway trade goods!! SUPER SUPER WEALTHY ALSO!!
Religious+admin stuff took place inside
SINGLE FILE ENTRENCE and HIGH VANTAGE POINT! Strtegic+controlling
Incan masonry, walls slope inards! ASHLAR MASONRRYYy!!!!
Conical towers symbolize wealth and power (look like granaries, aka food houses)

Great Mosque of Djenne

MALI!!! Adobe

INFLUENCE BY ISLAM!
Third mosque, Djenne is a cultural+intellectual center
Location for practice of islam!!

Mudbrick and adobe plaster, wooden scaffolding (like mesa verde)
Lots of upkeep, annual festival to do that
Vertical fluting is to keep water off
3 ower,s mihrab in middle! Terracotta lids ventilate space
HYPOSTLE HALL for heavy roof!
Ostrich egg motif = PURITY
TORONS wooden skeleton + maintenance access

Nan Madol

Basalt boulders, prismatic coulmns
Saudeieur Dynasty CAPITAL!!!
Small artifical island and canals to seperate them

Walls are breakwaters, made of basalt and coral. Local mythology says birds/giants carried this stuff. ASHLAR MASONRY!!!!!!
Living quarters for the rich, so the king could watch the powerful

Interesecting formations = cermonial sites, admin, crypts.

PAH: admin
POWE: religious/death sector

certain buildings had cermonial purposes

Idehd: SACRED EEL ISLAND
Peinering: where you prepare coconut oil
Kohnderek: where you prepare... the dead?!

Female Diety

NUKURO, Wood

Culturally and linguistically polynesian.
These statues were in religious community buildings, representing individual deities (sometimes associated with temple or family)
Often dressed in garments or flowers. Considered vessels for sprits or ancestors. Centerpiece of an annual ceremony.
Simple, geometric, and often androgynous. Horizonal notches to indicate anatomical landmarks

Navigation chart

Marshall islands, Wood and fiber

Used as a map to navigate the seas and islands, may show large or small wave patterns.
Horizontal and vertical sticks support the chart, diagonal sticks show wind/water currents. Shells= islands.
Chart is light, waterproof, floats
Meant to be memorized, not taken along

'Ahu 'ula (feather cape)

Hawaiian islands, feathers and fiber.
Translates to red garments (red=power, royalty, divine)
Worn by high class (royal) men, usually ith a feather helmet.
Coconut fiber base + 500k feathers from rare colorful birds.
Artists would chant as they created the cloaks, asking gods =to imbue them with power. Gifted to european captains

Staff God

Rarotonga, wood, tapa, fiber, and feathers.

Large, column wood shaft. Represented community MANA!
Could represent god Tangaroa (Creator god)
Large head on top, smaller heads below and a body shaft (wrapped in tapa) that turns into a penis
Tapa fibers wrap/clothe the staff god and pearls/amulets.
Women make the tapa, men carve. MEN AND WOMEN WORK TOGETHER!!!

Many staff gods were broken, especially by missionaries

Hiapo

Polynesia?? Tapa and freehand painting

Used to protect staff gods, demonstrate status, currency, clothing, bedding. could be for events... DIFFERENT USES! REGIONAL STYLES!!
Symbols are unqiue, and could depict local flora/fauna
Stencil, stamps, freehand painting. SMBOLICALLy! has a deep rich history :)

Tamati Waka Nene

Maori from Aotearoa. GOTTFRIED LINDAUER

Portrait of a deceased maori chief. Lindauer was known for his portraits!
Since these portraits had mana/spirit in them, they were passed down the family line
STATUS+MANA!!: staff, earring, kiwi feather

Malangan Display Masks

Papua new guinea. wood, fiber, shell, pigment

Send the dead to the otherworld, (also could do initation rites)
OFten happens a while after death w/ multiple honorees. Colors (primary) indicate war/magic

Commissioned, not to be worn. REPRESENTS THE SOUL! not physical appearance. Anthropomorphic+zoomoprhic!!
Collaborative process in making the mask.
Dancers would accompany the malangan masks, after the ceremony the structure and mask are left to rot (TOO POWERFUL!)

Buk mask!!!!!

Mabuiag island. Turtle shell, wood, fiber,feathers, shell.

Part of a costume made of grass for funerals, male initation rites, good harvest + hunt
performative ceermonies! fire, drums, chanting!
Retold mythology/stories.
Many dieties/ancestors have species associated with them, so ZOOMORPHIC!!!!!

Presentation of Fijian mats and tapa cloths to Queen Elizabeth II

Fiji, multimedia /photos.

Upon her coronation, Masi (TAPA!!!!?) and woven mats were presented when she arrived.
She also saw Kava ceremonies and dances/songs

Geometric/floral motifs used
FIJIANS: simpler design=more meaningul and signifigant!

MATS only made by women, given to europeans afterwards. Still important for weddings/funerals!

Moai on Platform

Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Volcanic tuff (compressed ash) on basalt.

Male presenting, face inland to protect the island. White coral on the eyes to (awaken them)
Diefied the first settler kings.
Large heads, big forheads, broad noses/ears/
New religions -> destroyed many!!!

Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace

1250-1300. Handscroll
Continuous narrative
Right to left, hand scrolls. Narrative is rolled up and then unraveled.
EMAKI! (narrative scroll painting) painted A CENTURY after the events that took place.
Coup, rebels kill enemies, archers and soldiers.
Figures at depersonalized, facial features are simplified.
SOFT FEATURES
Elevated viewpoint, high horizon line.
DRAMA!! CHAOS!! ACTIVE BRUISES
Like a STORY, few to many figures

White and Red Plum blossoms

1710-1716. Watercolor. OGATA KORIN
CONTRAST..! Gold backgrounds, flat colors.
RINPA style of painting (named after Ogata Korin)
GOLD BACKGROUND, bold colors, multiple panels for folding screens
JUXTAPOSITION OF NATURE and ABSTRACTION: lichen = irregular, whereas river= orderly
Considered classic. Focuses on flowing compositions. nature/secular imagery. Ties to SHINTOISM
STAGNANT TREES vs SWIRLING RIVER = Motion
High and close vantage point, close trees off the bounds of canvas
VERY LARGE
Chinese influence
WABI SABI- beauty in the temporary of life.. SAME AS VANITAS! VANITAS!!

Under the Wave Off Kanagawa

1830-1833. Katsushika Hokusai. Thirty six views of Mount fuji. POLYCHROME woodblock print.
A UKIYO-E (floating world) print. SCENE FROM THE PASSING/TRANSIENT SIDE OF LIFE. everyday life is a common theme, but HOKUSAI explores LANDSCAPE in WOODBLOCKS!!!
Some of the first to disseminate from Japan into the western world.
INSPIRATION TO IMPRESSIONISTS (and post)!!! Japonisme.... BOTH FOCUS ON impermanence of city life, flattened spaces, and weather/hour lighting
MOUNT FUJI BLENDS IN WITH THE WAVES
Spiritual significance
Human figures are OVERCOMED! By the wave. POWER DOMINANCE of nature
GENRE IMAGES
ACCESSIBLE TO THE MASSES.

Todai-ji (Great eastern temple)

743, rebuilt. Wood with ceramic roof. Nara, Japan
Japan's principal temple after the introduction of BUDDHISM!
Buddhism was associated with imperial court and unified the country under one religion
LARGEST WOODEN BUILDING IN THE WORLD!!
Undressed world, natural color.grain.
ALSO CYPRUS, GROWS SLOW. SO MANY RESOURCES
Architect HARMONIZED with environment
ONCE in the capital of japan.
Buddhist temples, houses a MASSIVE statue of the vairocana buddha. FUNDED BY TAXING EVERYONE!!
NO. NAILS.
Nandaimon (great south gate):
WOOD BRAKING SYSTEM (from KOREA). Thick pillars. Built after it was burnt
Nio Guardian Figures:
Once on either side. Joined wood construction (not one wood)
Each is MORE THAN 26 FT TALL????? Intricate,wilting drapery. CONTRAPPOSTO? KINDA?
Masculine faces (mendenging)> Protect buddha! Also matches warrior centered culture
APOTROPAIC. WARD OFF EVIL
Great Buddha:
LARGEST METAL STATUE of BUDDHA
Monumental feat of casting this.! Also taxed everyone
DEMONSTRATION OF EMPERORS SUPPORT OF BUDDHISMS
Mudras: welcome! And do not fear
ALSO HUGE BTW

Ryoan-Ji (peaceful dragon temple)

1480, Kyoto Japan. Garden
ZEN CENTER FOR ELITE
Mediate -> Path to enlightenment
Microcosm of nature
Zen buddhism!! Shinto influence - worship of nature deities
DIORAMA of larger natural phenomena, rocks: land, mountains, stars. Gravel: sea, sky
3 piles of 15 rocks, dry and plain: perfect for meditation
Intentionally oriented ponds, bridges
Natural structure plants, evergreens = pretty year round
Water used in purification rituals
Pond is by a tea house, tea rituals in zen buddhism

Buddhas from Bamiyan

400-800, destroyed 2001 🙁. Cut rock with plaster+paint. Afghanistan
Bamiyan located along SILK ROAD, considered a commerce/religious center
First colossal Buddha statue, area was carved around so worshipers could CIRCUMAMBULATE
Originally covered in stucco then faced in pigment + gold
Hundreds of galleries are carved in the cliff, some with murals of the seated murals, some with stairs to climb onto his shoulders
DESTROYED - ICONOCLASM

Jowo Rinpoche from the Jokhang Temple

641 CE, Gilt metal, semi precious stones, paint. Lhasa, Tibet.
OLDEST and MOST IMPORTANT temple. Founded by a buddhist ruler.
STATUES HANDS IN TWO MUDRAS: Meditation and buddhist enlightenment
Statue was said to have been sculpted by a celestial being.
Significance comes from the supposed sculpture
Meant to be his physical proxy to speak to the physical world
Refurbished and added multiple times.

Great Stupa

300-100 BCE, stone masonry, sandstone dome. Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh, India
Built en masse by King Ashoka (First buddhist king, made buddhist stupas trendy)
Meant for PILGRIMS! Trapezoid stairway leads to upper walkway, CIRCUMAMBULATE the monument
DIDACTIC!!! Toranas (GATES) have crowded/lively scenes from buddha's life and other significant symbols
High + low relief.
BODHI TREE - Where he became ENLIGHTENED!
600 PPLS names: FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTORS, DONORS. Karmic benefit from contributing = a better next life
Stone OG painted white

Borobudur

750-842 CE. Stone masonry (VOLCANIC BTW? CRAZY) Java, Indonesia (OMG CULTURAL SPREAD)
LARGEST BUDDHIST TEMPLE!!!!
PILGRIMAGE SITE
9 tiers, each to be circumambulated. Lower 6 are squares, upper 3 are circular, TOP IS A HUGE STUPA
Also.. HAS OVER 500+ BUDDHA STATUES and 1500 STUPAS!! More than a mile ½ of relief sculptures
Budhhas are CROSS LEGGED + Preaching mudra hand symbol
Aligns with 4 cardinal directions
Aligned with buddhist cosmology. Lower floors = DESIRES, Middle world (world of forms) and top floors = spiritual world, FREE OF DESIRE! (formless)
Pilgrimage UP is supposed to represent ENLIGHTENMENT , just like one massive stupa it represents a mini world
Queen Maya riding a horse carriageIN BOROBUDUR!!
Before his birth
DENSELY PACKED FIGURES (horror vacui)
Queen is at rest, to give birth to buddha
DIDACTIC CONTAINS NARRATIVE RELIEF SCULPTURES!

Shiva as Lord of Dance with a Nimbus

1000 CE, Cast bronze (LOST WAX PROCESS)
Shown with idealized features + proportions.-
(Eyes like lotus leaves, moon face, calm). Chaotic scene but calm Shiva. Locks of hair have cobra heads
Many similar statues were adorned in fabrics, jewelry, flowers and carried in town for the public!
Dancing!! Foot on the demon of ignorance. Facilitating the death AND regeneration of the universe
Four arms and hands
One has a drum (damaru), when beat it marks creation + time
One holds agni (flame representing destruction)
One bears fear not mudra (hand gesture)
Last hand gestures diagonally, towards foot, representing grace & fulfillment
NIMBUS= HALO! (fire nimbus) MICROCOSM?

Lakshmana Temple

930-950. Sandstone. Khajuraho, India
Part of a series of 80 temples. Commissioned by the HEAD of the CHANDELLA DYNASTY (family crested included a LION)
Dedicated to vishnu
Depicted "entwined couples", people having sex, which represented the pleasure/procreation in life. Not monogamous not shameful, is related to the cycle and sacredness of life
Stores/depictions of daily life/history, depictions of hindu deities (several avatars of Vishnu, too)
MANY registers of people, HORROR VACUI!!!
Repeating shapes (in buddhist, too) !!!!that build off each other: FRACTALS!
Located on a .. PLINTH (platform) above ground level.
Worshiper goes up the platform, circumambulates the plinth, and goes to visit the icon.
4 subsidiary temples that worshippers viewed when circumambulating
Small ambulator walkways crowned by mandapas
Tallest part marks the location of the WOMB chamber. Represents the AXIS MUND=+I

Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings

1670. Bichitr. Watercolor, gold, ink, paper
Jahangir (seizure of world) is the BIGGEST hierarchy of scale. Surrounded by a SUN AND MOON HALO.
Wanted his accomplishments recorded, so he brought along artists.
Collected things from distant lands
NOT "REAL", imagined by artists. F;latter James I of England and the Ottoman sultan.
James is JIM STRANG LOL, ottoman sultan is being respectful and humble.
Shows that Jahangar would rather seek audience with a PRIEST than KING, he's so humble and good at being religious
Artists included a mini self portrait in the corner
Throne is an hourglass? Time is running out?

The Temple of Angkor Wat and the City of Angkor Thorn

800-1440. Stone masonry, sandstone. Angko, Cambodia.
Center of KHMER EMPIRE. Largest pre-industrial city IN THE WORLD!
Started by Suryavaman II.
Many royals viewed themselves as gods, perhaps reincarnation. DEFIED IN THEIR LIVES. Could it have been a mausoleum??
Temples serve to legitimize their rule and gain control of the gods.
Dedicated to Visnhu. But later overtaken by buddhists. LARGEST RELIGIOUS MONUMENT
INDIAN INFLUENCES: Corbel vaulting, conical towers (Lakshmana)
BUDDHIST/HINDU INFLUENCED: Horror vacui, rhythmic dance. Towers have a similar meaning to Stupas, are a cosmic mountain.
Main pyramid with 4 conical towers, f galleries and relief sculptures on the walks. Several sculptures and a moat to protect it.
Cosmir imagery = center of world
CANALS reduce impact of flooding in MONSOON season
Also, COLLECTED rain
Jayavarman VII as Buddha
Jayarvaman was a famous/powerful, devout Buddhist. Closed eyes + smiling faces = peace in the world.
Churning of the Ocean of Milk
One of the many relief sculptures
NARRATIVE from HINDUISM. (In order to attain necot rof amortal, gods and demoss bust work together and churn it. King of gods (indra) prevents the demons from using it to destroy the world, and takes it.

Goldfish

1912. Henri Matisse. Oil on Canvas. Fauvism
Colors clash in a violent way, especiall near focal point
Paint is layered in some areas, while canvas is seen in outhers.
Quick energetic brushwork
Post-impressionist influence
Subject matter: use of patterns reflect influence of asian art (japonisme)
Matisse chose subjects that reflected his philosophy of art as serene, relaxing, passive contemplation.
Devoid of depressing subject matter

Improvisation 28 (second version)

1912. Vassily Kandinsky. Oil on canvas. Expressionist
Mark making, representative.
Interpreted in the was an abstract piece of music would (semi-synthestic experience)
Musical titles, improvisation and composition
Maybe he had synesthetisa
Objects are somewhat recongnizable (hills, towers), leans towards abstartcion.
Black lines are organic and strongly articulated, color is used to give the lines dimension and space.

Self-Portrait as a soldier

1915. Ernst Kirchner. Oil on canvas. Expressionist
Founder of the bridge movement
Unwillingly drafted in ww1 as an artillery driver to avoid combat
Discharged after a mental breakdown, painted this durng recuperication period
Struggled with alcoholism and addiction
Cltohed figure has a gaunt face and mussign a hand (inability to paint).
Hand is focal point, contrast between light/dark and green/red
Nude figure shows what he is struggling to paint, the expressive nonclassical bridge figures.
Tangents create claustrophobia and anxiety
Egebags, sickly sallow skin, unhealthy, eyes are pools black.
Depicted in a soldiers uniform, even after he was discharged. Past is haunting him/
Unsettling background, jarring colors, striking facial features. NIGHTMARISH!
Ridiculed as degenerate and removed from exhibitions, committed sucidide in 1938

Memorial Sheet for Karl Liebknecht

1919-1920. Kathe Kollwitz. Woodcut. Expressionism
Known for printmaking, etching, woodcut
Lost a son in WW1, grief is prominant in her work, themes of war, poverty and grief.
GRIEF is an overwhemling theme. Heads are bowed, faces solemn and gaunt, heavy and anguished, ANGULAR
Angular/gaunt: people are STARVING
Hunched: GRIEF
Masses coming to grieve in composition
Crossovers with a LEMENTATION SCENE its a depiction of MARTYRDOM
Halo effect around his head, use of halo for holiness. Elevated him to sainthood
Liebknecht was shot and kiled durin g acommunist uprsing.
Perio dof turmoil
Respected the man, not necessarily his cause. Political ideology is not present
Very charismatic, people loved him, devastated at his death. "Last hope" in turmoil
Commemerate his importance to the people
Woodblock is APPROPRIATE for the struggles of the WORKING CLASS. Many copies can be sold.
Mark making is BOLD, not refined/clean

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

1907. Pablo Picasso. Oil on canvas. Cubism
One of the first cubist artworks, influenced by cezannes angular and african masks.
Inspired by gaughins work and primitism
Shows 5 sex workers on avignon street posing for customers.
Figures are expressionless, not very alluring. Subverting many aspects of the female nude. Acknowledging, confronting.
Distorted mask-like facial features.
Awkward performative poses.
Multiple views in the same angle.
No depth, ambiguous/unsettling background
Self portrait of a soldier
Deemed immoral when first exhibited

The Portuguese

1911. Georges Braque. Oil on canvas. Cubism.
Portuguese guitar player, playing inside a restaurant. Posters behind him
Analyical cubism , overlapping viewpoints.
Cohesive vision (LIKE IMPRESSIONISM) rather than individual
Near monochrome color scheme,
3d broken down into many features/viewpoints
Subverst natural/traditional painting

The Kiss

1907-1908. Bracusi. Limestone. Cubism
Spontinetiy, natural intervention.
Symbolic simpligication of male and female bodies kissing.
Forms interlicj, become 1
Mainly geometric forms. Subtle/organic influence.
Bulge intended to represent a breast.
Stone is rough and unplished in some reas.
Blockiness
Preserve the original shape of the limestone, blocky

The Steerage

1907. Alfred Stierglitz. Photograph. Photo cessation
Stegkkuzz rarely poses people, chose them to arrange themselves on their own, Candid
Diagonals and vertical elements of architecture/landscape are framing devices. DIVISIONS OF SOCIETY
Steerage, poorest
US bound for europe, turned away, visas expire
Snapshop of reality AND specific artistic decisions, magnify the two differences
Cubist arrangement, tones shapes diagonals
Void in the back, unoccupied, emptiness not seen elsewhere.
Burned and underexposes some areas
Modify how a photo looks

Fountain

1950 (replica, THIS) and 1917 original, Marcel Duchamp. China with blackpoint. Dada
Ready-made object, elevating a found object to art (because the artist said so)
URINAL!!! (ewww)
Needs to be connected to plumbing to work (NOT CONNECTED, NOT USEFUL)
SIDEWAYS, IRONIC
Signed with pseudonym (R. MUTT) reference comic strip and iron works company
Submitted for exhibition for the show of independent artists, all people who paid got their work displayed
NEVER DISPLAYED!? LOSt
Deemed by 500 british artists to be the most influential artwork
IRONIC! Fountain is a public thing meant to beautify, toilet is a private thing that is dirty
Duchamp use of toilet "art is something you piss on" - own the guys

object

1936. Meret oppenheim. Fur-covered cup, saucer, spoon. Surrealism
Oppenheimer created this to respond to Picassos "everything looks good in fur"
May not be true--could be a myth, not knowing the truth = surrealist?
Nasty physical sensation, imagine ourselves drinking tea from a wet fur cup. Revulsion
Subversion of expectations: cups=smooth, porcelain, metal, ceramic.
LIKE DADA: ready made, made useless
Quinttisentail work of surrealism: invited others to experience it with their imagination
Some claim the use of fur imbues functional hand-held objects with sexual connotation BUT never said
Oppenheim left the public, came back and said this "nobody will give you freedom, you have to take it. Women should rebel against social norms"
Was retitled "LUNCHEON IN FUR"
References LUNCHEON IN GRASS which shows a YOUNG NAKED WOMAN surrounded by clothed men. PROVOCATIVE, SENSATIONAL.
VENUS IN FURS - EROTIC NOVEL
People began to see it with erotic overtones - perception stuff
WOMEN ARTIST → WOMEN ARTWORK, FEMINIST WORK
SHOEHORNED INTO MINORITY GENRE

The Two Fridas

1939. Frida Kahlo. Oil on canvas. Surrealism
Born to Mestiza women german man. Depicted in different culture dresses - separation of her identities.
Used much of her work to subvert beauty and social expectations, many aspects of her identity flouted convention
POC, bisexual, disabled, woman, communist
Influences of mexican folk art , stiffness provincial art.
Dark stormy sky: chaos turmoil
Painted this at the time of her divorce
Heart is clamped off with scissors
Heart on the left is open, the one on the right is healthy. Rivera has broken her heart
Dependency and closeness of kahlo on rivera
Blood on her lap could be her disabilit or misscarriages

The Jungle

1943. Wilfredo Lam. Gouache and Paper on canvas. Surrealism.
Lam, very mixed/complicated background (common because of colonialists, immigrants, indegenous, enslaved).
Travelled to paris as a member of the surrealist movement. Heavily influenced by African sculpture and cubism.
Saw it as his own obligtation to represent his nation and heritage to the rest of the work. Art was too similar to eachother
Trojan horse, go in, subvert expectations in galleries. Communicate his messages to a larger audience
A lot of his work addresses slavery, perception of Cuba, and treatment of cubans.
Cuba was a "resort nation"
Cuba was still a place where people toiled endlessly to make sugarcane
Unhygienic, unsafe/illegal labor
Forms have rounded backs, rears, breasts. Limbs are thin and reedy. LOOKS LIKE CUBISM - complex figures broken down into simple shapes
Faces resemble African Masks. Spiritual representation of the subject, less objective.
Represent a psychic state, from a hybridized spiritual practice Santeria.
Iridescent colors, crowded, claustrophobic composition, polymorphic, hybridized iures

The Results of the First Five-Year Plan

1932. Varvara Stepanova. Photomontage. Constructivism.
Political cause (propagaonda)
Five-year plan (1928_ was to increase industrial and agricultural production.
Focuses on growth of industry (like electricity)
large , prosperous populations
CCCP: society union
Red: CCP & communism
Propaganda = evident, Lenin (though deceased) was depicted to inspire patriotism
Completely abstract, often abstract titels.
Negative spaceis white, rectangular= black.
Use of color is unmixed/undiluted/primary (rgb)
No diagonals, parallel / perpendicular lines

Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow

1930. Piet Mondrian. Oil on canvas. DeSTIJL
Primary colors, NO SHADING
AsymmetricalBlack lines seperate
Inspired by cubisms simplificatiojn of forms & multiple perspectives. Transiioned from reprisntational to abstract.
Believed abstraction= truer perspective. Representation of human progress (contrasted with western perspectives

The Migration Series

1940-1941. Jacob Lawrence. Tempura on hardboard. Harlem Renaissance.
Narratives
Simplistic flat shapes, muted colors.
Dividing line sigzaging through the middle, segregation
Abstract and narrative crested social message
Tables tilted so the viewer can see the top (unsual perspective
Figures lack individuality (collected experoemce)
Completely separate, neither side are interacting

Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in the Alameda Park.

1947-1948. Diego rivera. Fresco. Mexican muralisst
Similar working class theme like the constructive movement
Didactic, narrative , educate
HUGE! Figures LIFE SIZE, 50 by 13.
Depicts three eras of mexican history
LEFT: conquest/colonization
MIDDLE: porfilio diaz dictatorship
RIGHT: revolution of 1910
Almost ALL figures depicted played a role in mexican politics/leadership/culture
Some are recognizable portraits, some are allegorical
Colorful and didactic image, tell established and forgotten natarives
Artist painted himself as a child next to La Cavalera Catrina. (near his wife)
Horror vacui
Somewhat inspired by surrealism
Struggle of the masses (park is for upper class is enforced by police, poor is escorted out)
La Cavalera Catrina, vanity of the bourgeoise.

Women 1

Women, 1
1950-1952. William de Kooning. Abstract expressionist. Oil on canvas
⅙ paintings
Took a a long time, revisited and added things as he went. Subconscious decides
Intended to highlight archetypal women in media, resembles paleolythic women figurines.
Or an idol? Female presenting deity
Reclining female nude in renaissance post
Stereotype compilation. Fine line between fear and reverence of femininity. Rejection of conventional beauty standards
Anxiety/fear around the feminine
Many accused his representational drawings as being against modernity, regression to tradition
Both the brushstrokes and figure are somewhat frightening, and caused accusations of misogyny.
Frightening representation
Jagged application of paint
LIKE IMPROV 28 (color interrupted by bold black lines)
Self-portrait as a soldier SIMILARRR recognizable figure but anxious setting, frightening

The Bay

Helen Frankenthaler. 1963. Acrylic on canvas, Color Field
The "soak stain method". Utilized unprime canvases to create a stained effect (bad for restoration though)
Also used acrylic paint!!! (rare for the time)
Rejects the impasto movement in abstract expressionism
Inspired by the spontaneous drip method by jackson pollock, wanted to be diff though
Artists would tilt and alow the colors to blend
Acrylic is runnier
Landscape as a basis for her imagery, but not representational. All abstract
Very conceptual, many see them as elitist and unnaproachable.

Marilyn Diptych.

1962. Andy Warhol. Oil, acrylic, silkscreen enamel on canvas. Popart
Silkscreen
Doll-like woman, doesnt have a particular expression. Commodity, prop
Emotionally flat, autmoated
Title references religious paintings (diptychs and triptychs)
Hyperbolically saturated, cartoonish
Cult of the celebrity
Repetition of her image decreases the impact of the original.
Left is her life, black and white might be her death'
Figures have become super commercialixed'
Called his work "the factory

Lipstick Ascending on Caterpillar Tracks

1969-1974. Claes oldenburg, steel/aluminiu,/ card resin, polyurethane enamel. Popart
Initially a temporary and cheap instillation. Intended to serve as a protest on YALE university
Protest the vietnam war, rally the people and poke fun at the authority of the space
Combination of feminine and mascile. Critivixe hyper masculine
Finance power associated with war.
LIPSTICK TUBE?
Commodifiacation of beauty. Mass produced beauty products.
Commercialization and weaponnization of beauty
Feminne counterpoint to masculine objective
Challenging preconceived notions of what art is.

Narcissus Garden

1966. Yayoi Kusama. Mirrored Balls. Happenings
Sold balls for $2 each. "Your narcissism for sale"
Mirrored balls: Show a distorted image of the viewer, confronts vanity and ego.
References Narcissus.
Instillation has been repeated in the water, stronger mythological context
Self promotional and critical in nature, work is enhanced via audience participation. Contemporary narcissism (like, selfies)

Spiral Jetty

1970. Robert Smithson. Mud, salt, rocks, water coil. Great salt lake, utah. Site art.
Jettys are often unsightly, not very pretty. Purpose is sand retention.
Slow but constant state of decay and erosion
Created ina remote, formorly commercial are of the lake (abandoned mine) with local stone
Spiral motif emulates pre-columbian earthworks by native americans (LIKE SERPENT MOUND)
Salinity of the lake turns it red sometimes
Changeing aspects of the work, erosion, water levels, bacteria. Never in a fixed state.
Circumentulation (act of walking around something) is very meditative. Constantly changing direction, panoramic view and appreciation of the world.

The Saint-Lazare Station

1877. Claude Monet. Oil on canvas. Impressionism
In a series of paintings of this station, each at a different time/day/year.
Station was paragon of parisian life, common subject
Intended to be hung together
Focus on light, lemon yellow in the sky lights, ground.
Interaction with the smoke, mode to convey atmospheric perspective.
Organic and inorganic
Organic smoke, flowey
Inorganic, station, boxcars. Not making them uniformly thick or perfectly straight. Not dominating the space.
Lightens the ceiling, atmospheric perspective, sense of grandity.
Steamy haze obscures boxcar and lavish hotel
Critics disliked focus on machine, smoke, and ugly things
Busy, industrial, dirty atmosphere. Dirty/ugly area. GOES AGAINST typical depictions
Focus on light, color, and shape rather than the subject. Simplification

The Coiffure

1890-1891. Mary Cassatt. Drypoint and Aquatint. Impressionist
Japonisme: influenced by japanese woodblock prints.
Cassatt paints domestic, soft, scenes. Often depicting women and children, DEVOID of erotisation of women. Absence of men. GOES AGAINST previous depictions of women
Objective treatment of the female form
"Coiffure" : elaborate preparation of ones hair (genre scene, usually referred to high class) though HERE the action does not denote high class
Caters to a larger audience.
ETCHING! Can create PRINTS, available to a LARGER AUDIENCE
Highly influenced of japanese prints
Fixing ones hair, back view
Candid and natural poses, Domestic, private sensitivity and softness not seen in other impressionist works.

The Starry Night

1889. Vincent van Gogh. Oil on canvas. Post-impressionism
IMPASTO! THICK application of paint, physical texture.
Van gogh known for impasto, short/thin brush strokes, swirly nature
Composite landscape, likely made from several scenes made together. (hills, tree, church). Night sky from imagination & influence of alc?
Mountains painted from life from his hospital
Strong rightward motion of the eye, two interrupting vertical features (tree and steeple
Drama contrats with calmness of village
Van gohg was interested in night painting
TANGIBLE LIGHT, substance

Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going?

1897-1898. Paul Gaughin. Oil on canvas. Post-impressionism.
Lots of his work (including this) contains suicidal ideology
Ill from a fracturedankle, syuphilis, poverty and when he heard of his daughter's death he resolved to commit suicide. Left this painting as his left will
CONTINUOS NARRATIVE
Right to left: Infant, figure reaching for fruit, older figure. Birth, life, and death.
Associated with the SYMBOLISM movement. Personal imagery.
Figures in front are in an 'eden'. Those in back are anguished, darker.
Non-western influences: egyptian, japanese and tahitian imagery/symbols.
Non-conventional colors: Vibrant yellow for skin tone, blue shading.

Mont Sainte-Victor

1902-1904. Paul Cezanne. Oil on Canvas.
Post-Impressionism
Bright and intense color
Tangibility to light, weight
Individual brushstrokes, mark-making, bold.
Geometric brushstrokes
Unconvential perspective, warm foreground, cool background. Three "registers", mountain, town, dark foreground
Geometricbrushes show angular of houses/mountains.
Cezanne loves structure
Splashes of color, overlaid with subtler colors.
Unified painting, greenin sky and blue in woods

The Scream

Edvard Munch. 1893. Tempera and pastel on cardboard. Symbolism.
Munch had anxiety/depression, grew up with an ill younger sister who died.
Weight hung over him his life, generally depressed, likely suffered from panic attacks.
Was created after a panic episode, "a representation of ANXIETY of the HUMAN CONDITION"
INTENSITY of color! CONTRAST HEIGHTENS EMOTION! Shrieks!
TANGENTS? Man on the side is tangent, ANXIOUS!
Minimal detail is ambiguity, this screaming person could be ANYONE?
Figure may have bee spired by exhivbit of peruvian mummy, shares screaming face with what do we come from what are we what do we know.
Bushtrokes in sky are CHAOS! PROFOUND EMOTION. Wavering, skull headed scream.
Munch was OBSESEdD with this image, replicated it several times.
Long, thick, brushtrokes emulate post-impressionism. Often associated with expressionism.

the kiss

1907-1908. Gustav Klimt. Oil and gold leaf on canvas. Art nouveau.
Very decorative/surreal
Incorporated nudity into his artwork, many emaciated, thin, angular, (not soft and doughy like venus of urbino) or figures with pubic hair.
Unconventional. Recieved backlash for inappropriate artwork, "tone down".
Led to the CLOTHED kiss.
Become "one" - gold monolith.
Male figure has rectangular patterns, female has circular
Round decorative forms, nature - art nouveau.
Sexes separated by SHAPES and COLORS!
Scene of passionite serenity; all consuming love.
Tension with WW2 🙁
Profound, psycholigcal state.
FLAT GOLDEN BACKGROUND - BYZANTINE ART!! Justinian and attendants.
HISTORICALLY REFERENCING ART
Timelessness
Manuscripts, altars. Also EA stuff

Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co. Building

1899-1904. Louis Sullivan. Iron steel glass and terracotta. Chicago. Art nouveau.
Buildings became vertical because of land $ in cities. At ground level, sullivan wanted to accentuate horizontally. Inviting entrance, draw customers into the store.
Verticallity = $$, also natural disasters toppled buildings
A fire burned down MANY buildings in chicago, so architects developed a technique to encase iron in ceramic to fortify. Protect from fire.
Chicago window developed to facilitate ventilation and display wares. One pane of glass and two smaller windows on each side.
Exterior and interior building covered terracotta tiles and ornate cast iron- emulate art nouveau
TRIPARTIE!!! (3 part) CONSTRCUTION! (similar to GOTHIC cathedrals)
Ground floor - decorative open windows
Multiple office stories (identical)
Distinct attic and cornice line - silhouette of the building!!!!!!

Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament)

1840-1870. Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin. Limestone, masonry, and glass. London.
Romantic
GOTHIC AND CLASSICAL
Gothic: ornamentation, spires, towers
Classical: Grounded, horizontal, symmetrical
Nostalgia about simpler times, revival of the past! CORRUPTION OF INDUSTRIAL AGE
Big ben, acts as village clock
Meeting & office space for parliament,
NEOGOTHIC NOSTALGIAAA
Westminster Hall:
Last remaining vestige of the burned medival building
Large ceremonies and courts
Hammerbeam ARCHES of oak
Central Lobby:
Constituents could meet parliament
Liberal use of MOSAICS!!!!! Floor and doorway
Statues of kings and queens of GB

And There's Nothing to be Done

1810-1843. Francisco de Goya. Drypoint Etching.Romantic
Part of a series of 80 etching critizing the French occupation of spain.
Titltes explored war, famine, politics. Question or statement titles.
Grotesque, inhuman. War resulted in mash casualties, poverty, famine
MARTYRDOM/ ALTER CHRISTUS
Nobility and morality with martyrdom = alter christus
Bownig their head
Bound and blindfolded people
EXecutioners inhuman, stand out against dark background.
Became increasingly anxious and deaf, shut in. painted on the walls of his house

La Grand Odalisque.

1814. Jean-Auguste Ingres. Oil on canvas.Romantic
European obsession with the "Harum" (bathing house with prostitutes), (NOT REAL?) , artists reconstructing & molding it into a FANTASY
Proportion issues, "noodle arm", spine, boobs?
TENEBRIST influence (BAROQUE epic)
Silk curtain, hashish pipe, turban, peacock feather fan, incense burner. "EXOTIC"
Parisian model, manufactered fantasies
CLASSICAL influence, realism idealization
Supported ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS THAT "EUROPEANS HAD TO CIVILIZE"Moral obligation
More Acceptable because shes not a white women
Reclining female nude CONTINUATION, streches to fill the canvas
EROTISICM OF THE ROCOCO!!!
ORIENTALISM

Liberty Leading the People.

Romantic1830. Eugene Delacroix. Oil on canvas.
Symbolical representation of the July revolution of 1830
Triangular composition, ORDER!!
CONTRASTING MESSAGES, CHAOTIC. Smoke=fire, barricade. Order composition
NOMES!
Child with pistols = STUDENTS
Man in top hat = middle class
Man with sword is lower class
Lady liberty leading the march
Phyrgian cap, worn by enslaved people who had been freed
Notre dame in background, symbol of France
ARTIST POLITICS! - romanticism

the oxbow

romantic. 1836. Thomas Cole. Oil on Canvas.
AMEIRCA AMERICA
Nationalism, manifest destiny, religiously motivated, racially
"CIVILIZING" force on untamed land
COULD BE A CRITQIUE
Hudson river valley
CLASSICAL INFLUENCE< ARCADIAN?
MAN's influence, cultivated fields,boats, tamed foliage on LEFT. UNTAMED ON RIGHT
Classical right, ROMANTIC left. (thick trees, turbulent storm)
VAST and SUBLIME! Nature
Cole escaped to the wilderness to stop painting urban
DEPICTS HIMSELF AS SMALL AND INSIGNIFIGANT. HIM PAINTING. Hiegharchyu of scale. SUBLIME

Still life in studio

Romantic. 1837. Louis Daguerre. Daguerreotype Photograph.
Industrial rev, technology advancements
INVENTION OF PHOTOGRAPHY! Caused ANXIETY-artists thought it would REPLACE them
Calotype- lower quality, cheap, negatives so MULTIPLE copy
Daguerreotype- high quality, sharp detail on shiny surface, ONE copy. Image onto METAL
POPULAR! MIDDLE CLASS could have PORTRAITS!
Inspired by painted still lifes, VANITASSS paintings
VARIETY in texture and town
New medium!!! OLD art topic

Slaveship

Slave Ship. 1840. JMW Turner. Oil on canvas Romantic
.Vocal abolitionist
Based on an incident in which a ship captain thre people off the edck to save him
Turner is showing the hands and wrists of people drawing in the ocean
SHOCKS audiences, depicts atrocities, dissuades people from the slave tdae
Injected his own judegemntk, colors are similar to depictions of hell in last judement pieces
Nature is saying how bad it is, blood red sunset.
IMPASTO technique
SUBLIME!! Scale

the stone breakers

1849. Gustave Courbet. Oil on canvas. Destroyed in ww2. Realism.
Narrative of poverty, conduction of grunt labor.
People are born in poverty and die in it
Created in REACTION!! To POOR WORKING CONDITIONS in industrial europe and it's ensuring HUGE labor strikes.
Monumental size: elevates commonplace to a GRAND, HISTORICAL scale. Increase impact.
Figure is obscured, or turned away: ANONYMITY, can relate to it
Tattered clothes, bed of straw to support knees, skin on hand is dark, wrinkled, weathered from SUN.
EARTH TONES in realism
He hired two stone breakers to pose for this