Practical 2 final

how many bones does the horse have

205

what is the main function of bones

to provide support for the body

How do bones protect the horse

they protect vital internal organs

what role does bone marrow play

it helps from blood cells and maintain mineral balance

What are the two main parts of the skeleton

the axial and the appendicular

what makes up the axial skeleton

the skull vertebrae ribs and sternum

what is the main function of the axial skeleton

to protect vital organs and support the bodys core

what makes up the appendicular skeleton

the front thoracic limbs hind pelvis limbs the pectoral shoulder gridle pelvice pelvis gridle

what is the function of the appendicular skeleton

allows movement and connects the limbs to the body

What does the vertebral formula describe

the number and types of vertebrase in the skeleton

what does C stand for

cervical neck vertebrae

what does T stand for

Thoracic vertebrae

What does S stand for

Sacral Vertebrae

What does Cd or cy stand for

caudal or coccygel tail vertebrae

what is the vertebral formula of a horse

C7 T18 L6 S5 Cd 15- 20

What does the variat ion in Cd (15-20 ) mean

the number of tail vertebrase can vary between horses

What are the 4 classifications of bones

long short flat and irregular bones

what are long bones

bones that are longer than they are wide and mainly support movement

what are short bones

small cube shaped bones that provide stability and absorb shock

what are flat bones

thin flat bones that protect organs

what are irregular bones

bones with complex shapes

What are the main layers of bones

Periosteum compact spongy and bone marrow

what is the periosteum

a dense connective tissue layer covering the surface of the bone that serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons

what is compact (cortical bone)

the hard dense outer layer of bone that provides strength

what is spongy bone

a porous innery layer of bone that comtains red bone marrow

what is function of bone marrow

it produces red blood cells

where is bone marrow commonly found

in the pores of spongy bone espcially in areas like the hip

What is the os coaxae

the pelvic hip

the bones make up the os coxae

the illium ischium and pubis

what is the function of os coxae

supports the hind limbs and protect pelivc organs

what are bones made off

living cellular structures surrounded by a rigid cacified framework

what is the skeleton

the framework formed by all the bones in the body

what are the main functions of the skeleton

to give shape to the animal provide support and protect vital organs

what is the medullary bone marrow cavity

where blood formation and fat storage occur espcially in the pelvics and sternum

why do bones move

muscles and ligaments attach to them and create movement

are bones static or dynamic structures

dynamic they constantly remodel in response to stress

what is bone remodeling

the process where bone is broken down and rebuild to adapt to stress

can bone function return after a break

yes through repai and proper allignment

does bone composition stay the same throughout life

it changes over time through remodeling

what defines good bone

strength density and the ability to flex under stress

how does cortical doneaffect strength

thick cortical makes the bone stronger

lower limbs

more cortical beone for strength

upper body

skull vertebrae more spongy bone

what aare the four main types of bone cells

osteoprogenitor cells osteoblasts osteocytes and osteoclasts

what are the osteoprogenitor cells

stem cells that can develop into osteoblasts when stimulated

what do osteoblasts do

the build bone to proudcing and mineralizing the bone matrix

what are osteocytes

mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue

what do osteoclasts do

they break down (resorb bone)

blasts

build

clasts

chew

cyctes

care

progenitor

pre builder

what is bone remodeling

where new bone is formed on outer surfaces and old bone is resorted on inner surfaces

which cells are responsible for bone remodeling

Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts

what role do osteoblasts play in remodeling

they build and form new bone

what role do osteoclasts play in remodeling

they break down bone

what does bone remodelign more commmonly occur

most often in young horses

what stimulates bone remodeling

growth and stress placed on the bone

what is nutrition important for bone development

provides the materials and energy needed for bone growth and maintenance

what does bone development require

energy m protein vitamins minerals

why is protein important for bone development

protein helps build and repair tissues

what role do vitamins and minerals play in bone development

they support bone formation strength and proper mineralization

what does the ideal calcium to phosphorus ratio

2:1

Wy is the Ca:P ratio important

healthy bone growth and preventing skeletal problems

what is a simple facture

the skin remains intact

what is a compound fracture

the bone breaks through the skin

what is a greenstick fracture

an incomplete fracture where the bone bends and cracks but does not fully break

what is comminuted fracture

where the bone shatters into multiple pices

what is chip or avulsion fracture

a small fragment of bone is pulled off by a tendon or ligament due to sudden fource or trauma

what is the function of cartilage at the ends of long bones

provides a smooth surface that cushhions joints absorbs shock and allows bones to move freely

what is a joint

a movable union between 2 bones

what is an articulation

any place where bone meets bone

what is the function of a joint capsule

holding the bones together and providing stability

what forms the joint capsule

ligaments around the joint help form and support the capsule

what is the synovial memebrane

a lining of the joint capsule that produces synovial fluid

what is synovial fluid important

lubricates the joint surfaces and helps reduce wear during moement

what kind of movement happens at joints

bending and other movement can only occur at joints

what is one major function of joints in the body

absorb shock and allow movement between bones

what is a bursa

a small fluid filled sac located between bones tendons or muscles near joints

what is the function of a bursa

reduces frition and helps cushinoning between moving structures like tendons and bones

what is a tendon sheath

a tabular structure that surrounds a tendon similar to a bursa

what is the function of a tenson sheath

reduces friction and allows smooth movement of tendons as they glide over boens and joints

what aer the three types of muscles

smooth, skeletal cardiac

what is smooth muscle

muscle that lines the digestive system and surrounds internal organs

what is skeletal muscle

voluntary muscle that is arranged in pairs and works to move bones

what is meant by antagonistic muscles

muscles that work in opposition to each other

what is a flexor muscle

a muscle that bends a joint

what is a nextensor muscle

a muscle that straightens a joint

what is cardiac muscle

specialized muscle found only in the heart

what are skeletal muscles

voluntary muscles responsible for movement of the body

what are skeletal muscles made of

muscle bundles

what are muscle fibers made off

myofribris

what is special about myofibris

they are arranged in parallel and allow contraction through actin and myosin

what causes muscle contraction

the orgin and insertion of the muscle more closer together

what is an isometric ocntraction

where the muscle is active but produces little or no movement

slow twitch

type 1

fast twitch

type 2

what are slow twitch fibers

red oxygen dependent fibers

what is the energy systems used by slow twitch fibers

aerobic metabolism requires oxygen to produce ATP