PSL exam 5

gastrointestinal, renal, and reproductive physiology

Where are most glands contained?

lamina propria

What controls motility functions?

mycenteric plexus

What does distention in the stomach cause?

stimulation of glandular secretion and smooth muscle activity

where dies esophageal adenocarcinoma originate?

in the esophageal glands

what cells make up the mucosa epithelium?

columnar cells with microvili

what do sublingual ducts secrete in the oral cavity?

mucus

what do submandibular glands secrete in the oral cavity?

mucus and serous fluid

what does the parotid gland secrete in the oral cavity?

serous fluid

What treats GERD?

antacids(TUMS), hr2as(Pepcid, Zantac), PPIs (Prilosec, Nexium, Prontix)

what is an example of an Histamine 2 Receptor ANTAGONIST?

pepcid or zantac

what is an example of a PPI?

prilosec, nexium, protonix

perastaltic contractions occur in which region of the stomach?

fundic and body/corpuscle

what do parietal cells secrete in the stomach?

H+ (into the lumen) and GIF

what do chief cells secrete in the stomach?

pepsinogen and gastric lipase

what do G cells secrete in the stomach?

gastrin

what do D cells secrete in the stomach?

somatostatin

what do Gr cells secrete in the stomach?

grehlin

What do parietal cells pumping H+ activate?

pepsinogen by autoclaving

What does gastrin do in the stomach?

increases gastric activity

What does somatostatin do in the stomach?

inhibits parietal cells when low pH in the lumen

what does grehlin do?

increases NPY and stimulates apetite

What happens in the Cephalic phase?

1. feedforward

2. submucosal plexus activates:

   1. mucous

   2. chief

   3. pareital

   4. G cells

What happens in the gastric phase?

1. positive feedback

2. submucosal and aubernauchs (mentreric) plexus activates:

   1. mucous

   2. chief

   3. pareital

   4. G cells

3. gastrin returns and activates same cells

4. mixing waves also occur

what happens in the intestinal phase?

1. negative feedback

How to treat gastritis?

antacids, antiobiotics, hr2as, and PPIs

What causes PUD?

degradation of mucosa to or beyond submucosa

How to treat PUD?

similaryly: antacids, antibiotics, hr2as, and PPIs

What are the inactive proteases in the small intenseine from the pancreas?

trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptiade A and B

what actiates trypsinogen?

enterokinase

What do pancreatic amlysaes break maltase into?

glucose

What do pancreatic amlysaes break sucrase into?

glucose and fructose

What do pancreatic amlysaes break lactase into?

glucose and galactose

What causes secretin to be secreted?

low ph

what does secretin do?

stimulates acini cells and biliary duct bicarbonate secretion to inhibit gastric activity through parietal cell inibition

What causes motilin to be secreted?

high pH (basic enviroment)

what does motilin do?

causes mixing in the stomach and moves food into the small intestine during fasting states

what causes CCK to be secreted?

Fatty acids, peptides, and amino acids

what does CCK do?

stimulates acini cells, bile production, bile concentratoin, inihbits gastric activity, and promotes satiety

what can treat Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the PCT?

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors

What is an example of Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors?

jardiance or epaglifozin

What inhibits Na/H exhangers in the PCT? (causing diuresis)

caffeine or theophylline

What inhibitts NKCC2s in the Thick ascending limb loop of henle?

Loop Diuretics

What is an example of loop diuretics?

lasix or furosemide

What inhibits Na/Cl symporters in the DCT?

Thiazides

What is an example of thiazides?

Hydrodiuril or hydroclorothiazide

what is a K+ sparing diuretic, inhibiting enacs, Na/K, and ROML?

aldactone (spinoalactine)

what is a K+ sparing diuretic, inhibiting enacs?

Midamor or Amiloride