RAD BIOLOGY MODULE 2

Chapters 6,

In a DNA macromolecule, the sequence of ___ determines the characteristics of every living thing

Nitrogenous organic bases

How many base pairs are there in the human genome?

2.9 × 10⁹ (2.9 billion base pairs)

Radiation-induced chromosome damage may be evaluated during which Mitosis subprocess?

1. Prophase

2. Metaphase

3. Anaphase

4. Telophase

Metaphase

If exposure to ionizing radiation damages the components involved in molecular synthesis beyond repair, cells do what?

Function abnormally or die

What produces antibodies?

1. erythrocytes

2. lymphocytes

3. platelets

4. thrombocytes

lymphocytes

Water comprises ___% of the weight of the human body

80-85 %

Which must the human body provide to ensure efficient cell operation?

1. food as source of raw material for release of energy

2. oxygen to help break down food

3. water to transport inorganic substances in/out of cell

all of the above

Which human cell component controls cell division and multiplications as well as biochemical reactions that occur within the cell?

Nucleus

What term is used to describe chemical secretions that are manufactured by various endocrine glands & carried by the bloodstream to influence activities of other parts of the body?

Hormones

Somatic cells divide through the process of:

Mitosis

The primary function of _____ appears to be the breaking down of unwanted large molecules that either penetrate into the cell through microscopic channels or are drawn in by the cell membrane itself.

Lysosomes

_____ metabolism is the oxidation of smaller molecules to release enrgy

Oxidative

__ are chemical compounds resulting from the action of an acid with a base

salts

Salts are referred to _____

electrolytes

The ___ is the fundamental element of structure, development, growth, & life processes in the human body

cell

Proper cell function enables the body as a whole to maintain ____ equilibrium

homeostasis

The biomolecules that constitute protoplasm are formed from 4 elements:

1. carbon

2. hydrogen

3. oxygen

4. nitrogen

Proteins are formed when organic compounds called ___ ___ combine into, long chain-like molecular complexes

amino acids

If radiation damage is excessive because of large delivered EqD, the cellular harm will be too severe for ____ ____ to have enough positive effect

repair enzymes

_____ regulate body functions such as growth & development

hormones

Although carbs are found throughout the human body, they are more abundant in ____ & in ____ tissue

liver; muscle

The arrangements of amino acids are determined by succession of adenine-thymine & cytosine-guanine base pairs in the ___ macromolecule

DNA

Retaining the correct proportion of water in the cell causes ___ pressure to be maintained

osmotic

Dizygotic twins are also called ____ twins

dizygotic

Water, a solvent, will preferentially move across cell surfaces or membranes into area with ____ concentration of ions

high

By controlling its concentration of potassium ions, the cell regulates the amount of ___ passing through its membrane & consequently the amount of ___ it contains

water; fluid

_____ enables the cell to synthesize proteins & produce energy

metabolism

The primary purpose of carbohydrates is to provide fuel for cell ______

metabolism

____ manufacture (synthesize) the various proteins that cells require by using the blueprints provided by mRNA

ribosomes

Both the ___ & ____ capabilities of enzymes are of vital importance to the survival of the cell

catalytic; repair

Lipids are organic _______ made from smaller chemical

macromolecules

By directing protein synthesis, the ___ plays an essential role in active transport, metabolism, growth, & heredity

nucleus

the ____ _____ transports food & molecules from one part of the cell to another

endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleic acids (DNA,RNA) carry genetic info necessary for cell ______

replication

Label-12

1. Ribosome

2. Mitochondria

3. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

4. Golgi apparatus

5. Nucleolus

6. Nucleus

7. Nuclear envelope

8. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

9. Lysosome

10. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

11. Centrioles

12. Centrosome

Label 1-6

1. Metaphase

2. Anaphase

3. Telophase

4. G1

5. S

6. G2

The ___ is known as the “plastic storage bag” or barricade protects cellular contents from environments, controls ins & outs of cell, eliminates waste, and breakdowns materials

Cell membrane

The ____ ____ is known as the “highway” which enables the cell to communicate with extracellular environment & transfers food from different parts of the cell

Endoplasmic reticulum

The ____ ____ is known as the “freight hauling” and unites large carb molecules with proteins to form glycoproteins, transports enzymes & hormones through membrane to exit cell & enter bloodstream

Golgi Apparatus

Cells are the basic units of all living ___ and are essential for life

matter

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids & nucleic acids are the 4 major classes of ___ compounds, contain carbon

organic

What type of enzymes can mend damaged molecules and therefore help the cell recover from a small amount of radiation-induced cancer

repair enzymes

In a DNA macromolecule, adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T) are the four ______ organic bases

nitrogenous

What is the process of locating and identifying genes in the human genome called?

mapping

The large, double-membrane, oval- or bean-shaped structures that function as the powerhouse of the cell are called:

mitochondria

When somatic cells divide, they undergo:

mitosis

During which subphase of the cell division can radiation-induced chromosal damage be evaluated?

metaphase

What function do ribosomes perform in the cell?

synthesize the proteins that cell require

Approx how many genes are contained in all 46 chromosomes?

30,000

If exposure to ionizing radiation damages the components involved in molecular synthesis beyond repair what will happen?

abnormal function or death of cells

Protein synthesis involves __ different amino acids

22

What is formed from a nitrogen containing organic base, a 5 carbon sugar molecule, and a phosphate molecule?

nucleotide

What serves as a prototype for mRNA?

DNA

What is the protoplasm outside of the cell’s nucleus called?

Cytoplasm

____ is the period of cell growth that occurs before actual mitosis

interphase

____ act as a reservoir for long-term storage of energy, insulate and guard the body against environment, and support/protect organs such as the eyes & kidneys

lipids

The ____ located in the cytoplasm, AKA “power-generating stations”, produce energy for cellular activity by breaking down nutrients through a process of oxidation

mitochondria

_______’s are AKA “garbage bags w/ poison pills” that dispose of bacteria/food, carbohydrates, cell itself if lysosome membrane breaks, and the hydrolytic enzymes that break down/digest proteins

lysosome

______’s are AKA “manufacturing facilities” that create the various proteins that cells require

ribosomes

______’s are AKA “spindle weaver” and organize the function of mitotic spindle during cell division

centrosome

The ____ is AKA “information processing center of cell” containing genetic or hereditary material, DNA, and proteins, nucleulous. It controls cell division & multiplication & biochemical reactions that occur in the cell & directs protein synthesis

nucleus

____ is AKA “blueprints” and contains the genetic material that controls cell division/multiplication & biochemical reactions within cell

DNA

The ____ is AKA “RNA copy center” and holds larges amount of RNA and synthesizes ribosomes

nucleolus

Cells can:

1. Move, grow, react

2. Repair damage, regulate life processes, & reproduce

3. Protect themselves

All of the above

In a DNA macromolecule, the sequence of ___ determines the characteristics of every living thing

Nitrogenous organic bases

Which produces antibodies?

1. Thrombocytes

2. Erythrocytes

3. Platelets

4. Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes

Which term describes chemical secretions that influence other bodily functions?

Hormones

Cytosine bond only with which nitrogenous organic base?

Guanine

Protoplasm is:

1. The chemical building material for all living things

2. Made of organic compounds

3. Made of inorganic materials

All of the above

Inorganic materials:

1. Contain carbon

2. Do not contain carbon

3. Are water and mineral salts

2 & 3

Water has roles of:

1. Acts as a medium for acids, bases and salts to dissolve

2. Maintains body temp, provides cushion and lubricates

3. Functions as a solvent & transport vehicle

All of the above

____ are macromolecules that are made of strings of amino acids (22 for humans)

Proteins

___ _____ are found in muscle and are a source of heat and energy

Structural proteins

_____ _____ control the cell’s physiologic activities

Enzymatic proteins

____ ____’s can help a cell recover from small radiation doses and can mend damaged molecules

Repair enzyme

Antibodies are protein molecules produced by cells in the ___. They attack foreign invaders

Bone marrow

Carbs are:

1. Referred to as saccharides, make up 1% of the cell

2. Include starches & sugars & provide energy to the cell

3. Most abundant in the liver & muscle tissue

All of these

Macromolecules, fats, oils, fatty acids, 2% of cell content, long term energy, insulate are ____

Lipids

What are the rungs of DNA that are complementary chemicals called?

Pairs of nitrogenous bases

Purines are:

1. Adenine (A) & (Guanine) G

2. Cytosine (C) & Thymine (T)

1

The master chemical:

1. Contains all the information the cell needs to function

2. Carries genetic info necessary for cell

3. Called DNA, direct protein synthesis

All of the above

Single strand, leaves nucleus, transmit, genetic info outside the cell, has your cell not thymine is:

mRNA

Received genetic code from mRNA, linked with its matching amino acid to produce protein is :

Transfer RNA

Tiny, rod shaped body that humans have 46 of which are composed into 23 pairs:

Chromosomes

Direct cytoplasmic activity, basic unit of heredity, control, self growth, and development are:

Genes

Mapped in 2001, uncovered the entire sequence of DNA base pairs in the human genome which is ____ billion base pairs and approx ____ genes

2.9 billion; 30,000

Ribosomes can synthesize ____ and attach to ____ _____

Proteins; endoplasmic reticulum

The ____ _____ is the highway, transfers food, & enables cell communication

Endoplasmic reticulum

The process where the nucleus divides first, followed by cytoplasm, and is the process of somatic cell division is:

Mitosis

The process of reduction, cell division, occurs when genetic cells divide, and reduces the number of chromosomes is

Meiosis

____ is when chromatids strung out along mitotic spindle- middle of cell

Metaphase

High LET would be what W_r

>1

Low LET would be what W_r

=1

A biologic reaction is produced by 7 Gy_t of a test radiation. It takes 21 Gy_t of 250 kVp x-rays to produce the same biologic reaction, what is the RBE of the test radiation?

3 RBE (3x more effective at producing biologic reaction)

What kinds of molecules in the human body does ionizing radiation most often act directly to produce molecular damage through an indirect action?

Water

Radiosensitivity of individual cell growth governs the radiation dose required to cause _____

apoptosis (programmed cell death)

Define LET and how is it described?

Average energy deposited per unit length of track

units: keV/micro m

1. What is the oxygen effect?

2. What describes the effect numerically?

1. Oxygen in a cell makes it more radiosensitive

2. OER

The action of ionizing radiation is ____ when ionizing particles interact with a vital biologic macromolecule such as DNA

direct