Urinalysis

What is the urinary system?

System responsible for excretion of metabolic waste and regulation of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.

What is glomerular filtration?

Passive movement of water and small solutes from blood into the filtrate driven by blood pressure.

What is tubular reabsorption?

Process by which useful substances like glucose and electrolytes are returned to the bloodstream.

What is tubular secretion?

Movement of substances from blood into the tubular fluid for excretion.

What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Hormone that increases water reabsorption in the kidney, resulting in concentrated urine.

What is renal insufficiency?

Partial loss of kidney function where homeostasis is still maintained.

What is renal failure?

Complete loss of kidney function resulting in inability to regulate body fluids and solutes.

What is uremia?

Clinical syndrome caused by accumulation of toxic waste products due to renal failure.

What is azotemia?

Increase in blood levels of urea and creatinine.

What is a prerenal cause of renal insufficiency?

Condition affecting blood flow to the kidney such as dehydration or shock.

What is a renal cause of renal insufficiency?

Damage within the kidney such as nephritis or toxin exposure.

What is a postrenal cause of renal insufficiency?

Obstruction of urine flow such as urolithiasis or rupture of urinary tract.

What is proteinuria?

Presence of abnormal amounts of protein in urine.

What is hematuria?

Presence of red blood cells in urine.

What is hemoglobinuria?

Presence of free hemoglobin in urine without intact red blood cells.

What is myoglobinuria?

Presence of myoglobin in urine due to muscle damage.

What is pyuria?

Presence of pus or white blood cells in urine indicating infection.

What is bacteriuria?

Presence of bacteria in urine.

What is crystalluria?

Presence of crystals in urine.

What is glucosuria?

Presence of glucose in urine.

What is ketonuria?

Presence of ketone bodies in urine.

What is polyuria?

Increased volume of urine production.

What is oliguria?

Decreased urine production.

What is anuria?

Absence of urine production.

What is pollakiuria?

Frequent urination in small amounts.

What is dribbling?

Involuntary leakage of urine.

What is dysuria?

Painful urination.

What is stranguria?

Slow and difficult urination with straining.

What is urinalysis?

Laboratory examination of urine to assess kidney and urinary tract function.

What is specific gravity in urine?

Measurement of urine concentration reflecting kidney’s ability to concentrate or dilute urine.

What is isosthenuria?

Urine specific gravity similar to plasma indicating loss of concentrating ability of the kidney.

What is hyposthenuria?

Production of very dilute urine.

What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Rate at which the kidneys filter blood.

What is creatinine?

Waste product used as a reliable indicator of kidney function.

What is urea?

Nitrogenous waste product influenced by diet and hydration.

What is gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)?

Enzyme used as an indicator of tubular damage.

What is the protein-creatinine ratio?

Measurement used to quantify protein loss in urine.

What is glomerulonephritis?

Inflammation of the glomeruli.

What is nephrosis?

Degenerative disease of the kidney tubules.

What is pyelonephritis?

Bacterial infection of the kidney and renal pelvis.

What is interstitial nephritis?

Inflammation of the kidney interstitium.

What is renal ischemia?

Reduced blood supply to the kidney.

What is hydronephrosis?

Dilation of the kidney due to urine accumulation.

What is cystitis?

Inflammation of the urinary bladder.

What is urolithiasis?

Formation of stones in the urinary tract.

What is bladder rupture?

Tearing of the urinary bladder causing leakage of urine.

What is urethral obstruction?

Blockage of urine flow through the urethra.

What is renal hypoplasia?

Underdevelopment of the kidney.

What is renal dysplasia?

Abnormal development of kidney tissue.

What is polycystic kidney?

Presence of multiple cysts in the kidney.

What is ectopic ureter?

Ureter that opens in an abnormal location.

What is patent urachus?

Failure of urachus to close, causing urine leakage from the umbilicus.

What is urethral atresia?

Absence or closure of the urethral opening.

What are clinical signs of uremia?

Lethargy, inappetence, muscle weakness, recumbency, and coma.

What are urinary casts?

Cylindrical structures formed in renal tubules indicating kidney disease.

What is Tamm-Horsfall protein?

Protein forming the matrix of casts.

What are the differences between hematuria, hemoglobinuria, and myoglobinuria?

Hematuria: RBCs present; Hemoglobinuria: Free hemoglobin, no RBCs; Myoglobinuria: Muscle pigment, no RBCs.

What are urine collection methods?

Methods include free catch sample, catheterization, and cystocentesis.

What is fractional clearance?

Measurement of tubular handling of substances.

What is urine osmolality?

Concentration of solutes in urine.

What is the water deprivation test?

Test for concentrating ability of kidney.

What is enzymuria?

Presence of enzymes in urine indicating tubular damage.