History of Architecture: 18th-20th Century and Regional Styles

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering the architectural history timeline from the industrial revival through 20th-century modernism, including specific global and regional styles from the provided lecture transcript.

Watt

Inventor who created the steam engine in 1785, rendering home-based cottage industries obsolete.

Industrial Revolution

The period of revolutionary change starting in Britain that shifted nations from agricultural to industrial economies using machines and wage laborers.

Form follows Function

The architectural principle famously associated with Louis Sullivan.

Auguste Perret

The architect who first used reinforced concrete as a new building material.

Arts and Crafts Movement

A movement in Britain inspired by Middle Age craft guilds, led by William Morris, Philip Webb, and John Ruskin.

The Clifton Suspension Bridge

A bridge in Bristol designed by Isambard Brunel featuring pylons of Egyptian character.

Crystal Palace

A remarkable 19th-century building in London designed by Sir Joseph Paxton for the Great Exhibition of 1851.

Decimus Burton and Richard Turner

The designers of the Palm House at the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew.

Art Nouveau

An art style free of historical influence, characterized by floral abstraction and vegetal forms, known as 'Le Modern Style' in France and 'Jugendstil' in Germany.

Victor Horta

A leading Art Nouveau architect based in Brussels.

Antoni Gaudi

The architect of Sagrada Familia, Casa Mila, and Palau Guell in Barcelona.

Gustav Eiffel and Maurice Koechlin

The designers of the $300\,m$ high Entrance Pavilion for the Exposition Universelle in 1889.

James Hoban

The Irish architect who designed the White House in the English Palladian style.

Thomas Jefferson

The 3rd American president who designed Monticello and the State Capitol in Richmond, Virginia.

Frank Lloyd Wright

The architect known for designing the Robie House, Falling Water, and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.

Louis Sullivan

The architect of the Wainwright Building and the Schlesinger-Mayer Store, who is categorized as part of the first stream of the second eclectic phase in America.

Eero Saarinen

The architect of the TWA Terminal and Dulles International Airport, whose designs often used undulating shapes to evoke high-speed flight.

Le Corbusier

The Swiss-French architect who defined the house as a 'machine to live in' and established the 'Five Points of New Architecture.'

Buckminster Fuller

The creator of the Dymaxion House, the first 'machine for living' made from metal alloys and plastics.

Walter Gropius

The founder of the Bauhaus school and creator of the curtain wall prototype.

Jorn Utzon

The Danish architect who won the competition to design the Sydney Opera House.

Hegira

The event in 622 AD when Muhammad moved from Mecca to Medina, marking a turning point in the spread of Islam.

5 Pillars of Islam

The core religious practices including declaring faith, prayer, fasting, charity, and pilgrimage to Mecca.

Kibla

The principal axis in Islamic architecture that points towards Mecca.

Mihrab

The niche in a mosque wall that is oriented towards Mecca.

Minaret

The tower in a mosque from which the call to prayer is made.

Sahn

The cloistered or arcaded courtyard that is a fundamental feature of a mosque.

Stupa

A Buddhist memorial mound used to enshrine relics or mark sacred spots, regarded as a symbol of the universe.

Sikhara

The tapering spire-shaped tower that caps the interior sanctuary (vimana) of a Hindu Mandira.

Chattri

The crowning umbrella found on top of a Buddhist stupa.

Pai-lou

A monumental, ceremonial gateway in Chinese architecture, often having 1, 3, or 5 openings.

Pagoda (Chinese)

A Buddhist temple based on the Indian stupa, typically octagonal in plan with an odd number of storeys ($9$ or $13$).

Pagoda (Japanese)

A square-plan religious structure, mostly $5$ storeys ($45\,m$) high, suspended around a central timber for earthquake stability.

Torii

Monumental, free-standing gateways to Japanese Shinto shrines, featuring two upright pillars and horizontal beams.

Tatami

The floor coverings that determine room dimensions in Japanese houses, measuring $1 \times 0.5\text{ ken}$ or $1.8 \times 0.9\,m$.

Bahay Kubo

A primitive Filipino dwelling made of wood, bamboo, and nipa, elevated $1$ to $5\text{ feet}$ off the ground.

Silong

The enclosed area under a Bahay Kubo used for storage, animal enclosures, or as a burial ground.

Zaguan

The ground floor space in a Filipino Bahay-na-bato used for storing the caroza (processional carriage).

San Sebastian Church

The first all-steel church in the Philippines and Asia, designed in 1883 and prefabricated in Belgium.

Tomas Mapua

The first registered architect in the Philippines and designer of De La Salle College.

United Architects of the Philippines (UAP)

The professional organization formed in 1975 through the unification of the PIA, LPA, and APGA.

Pylon

The characteristic gateway of Egyptian architecture.

Torana

The characteristic gateway found in Indian architecture.

Opus Recticulatum

A Roman wall-facing technique that creates a net-like effect.

Campanile

A bell tower that is detached from the church building.