Human A&P Final pt 2
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71 Terms
What are antigens
Markers on red blood cells that determine blood type
What determines your blood type
The antigen you have
What blood type has no antigens
Type O
What is agglutination
Clumping of red blood cells due to antigen-antibody reaction
Why must blood be typed
To prevent agglutination
Is agglutination the same as clotting
No clotting involves fibrin
What is the universal recipient
AB positive
What is the universal donor
O negative
What determines Rh positive or negative
Presence of D antigen
What does Rh positive mean
D antigen is present
What does Rh negative mean
D antigen is absent
Are anti-D antibodies naturally present
No
When do anti-D antibodies form
After exposure through transfusion or pregnancy
Who should receive only negative blood types
Negative individuals
What is hemolytic disease of the newborn
Condition where Rh negative mother carries Rh positive baby
What causes hemolytic disease of the newborn
Anti-D antibodies attack fetal red blood cells
When is it most likely to occur
After the second Rh incompatible pregnancy
What prevents hemolytic disease of the newborn
RhoGAM injection
What is the cardiovascular system
Heart and blood vessels
What is the function of the heart
Pumps blood to transport gases nutrients and wastes
What are the two sides of the heart
Right and left pumps
What does the right side of the heart do
Sends blood to the lungs
What does the left side of the heart do
Sends blood to the body
What is an artery
Vessel that carries blood away from the heart
What is a vein
Vessel that carries blood back to the heart
What are capillaries
Small vessels between arteries and veins
What are the two main circuits
Pulmonary and systemic
What is the pulmonary circuit
Heart to lungs and back
What is the systemic circuit
Heart to body and back
What are the layers of the heart wall
Epicardium myocardium and endocardium
What is the myocardium
Thick muscular middle layer
How many chambers does the heart have
Four
What are the upper chambers
Atria
What are the lower chambers
Ventricles
What valve is on the right side
Tricuspid valve
What valve is on the left side
Mitral bicuspid valve
What do valves do
Prevent backflow of blood
What is systole
Contraction of the heart
What is diastole
Relaxation of the heart
What is the SA node
Natural pacemaker of the heart
What is the conduction pathway
SA node to AV node to bundle of His to bundle branches to Purkinje fibers
What is blood pressure
Force of blood against vessel walls
Where is blood pressure highest
Aorta
Where is blood pressure lowest
Vena cava
What is systolic pressure
Pressure during contraction
What is diastolic pressure
Pressure during relaxation
What is normal blood pressure
120 over 80
What is the lymphatic system
Network that returns fluid and supports immunity
What are the three main roles of the lymphatic system
Fluid balance immune defense and fat absorption
What are lymph nodes
Structures that filter bacteria
What is the spleen
Largest lymphoid organ that removes old red blood cells
What are primary lymphatic organs
Bone marrow and thymus
What are secondary lymphatic organs
Lymph nodes spleen and MALT