J AP head/neck summarized

where brain stem transitions into spinal cord

Foramen magnum

tapering point of medulla

3 layers of the meninges and brain

Dura,

arachnoid,

pia mater

in brain, dura sinus splits into two

in brain, the dura sinus splits into 2 layers, which are?

periosteal and meningeal layer

periosteal and meningeal layer forms what

dural venous sinuses

5 major bones of the facial skeleton

Frontal,

zygomatic,

sphenoid,

ethmoid,

maxilla

3 minor bones of facial skeleton

lacrimal,

nasal,

palatine bone

Foramen of the anterior skull

supraorbital foramen

infraorbital foramen

supratrochlear foramen (notch)

mental foramen

Supraorbital foramen description

Location: superior margin of orbit, more lateral

Transmits: supraorbital nerve (branch of trigeminal nerve)

Function: sensory to upper forehead and scalp

Infraorbital foramen description

location: below orbit (maxilla)

transmits: infraorbital nerve (CN V)

function: sensory to upper teeth

Supratrochlear Foramen (Notch) description

location: superior, more medial than supraorbital

transmits: supratrochlear nerve (CN V)

function: sensory to medial forehead

nerves responsible for sensory innervation of the forehead

supratrochlear + supraorbital nerves

mental foramen description

location: anterior mandible

transmits: mental nerve (branch of CN V)

function: sensory to chin/lower lip

Which anterior neck muscles prevent the head from falling back (AKA anterior neck muscle stabilizers)?

Sternocleidomastoid

Scalene muscles (3 bellies)

Long capitis and longus cervicis (longus muscles)

flexors

digastric muscle action

chewing

3 muscles that prevent the head from falling forward

Semi-spinalis muscles

Trapezius

Splenius muscles

extensors

Semispinalis muscle

narrower/thin muscle,

insertion at base of occiput, goes down to thoracic spine

semispinalis MOA

extends the head

Splenius muscle description

wider strap,

“ends”/insertion at cervical region

Sternocleidomastoid contraction

right contraction when you turn left and vice versa

3 branches of the Thyrocervical trunk

Inferior thyroid artery

Transverse cervical artery

Suprascapular artery

what nerve is assoc with inferior thyroid artery

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Inferior Thyroid Artery supplies?

Thyroid gland

Larynx

Trachea

Esophagus

Transverse Cervical Artery supplies

trapezius muscle

posterior neck

transverse cervical artery gives rise to what deep branch

dorsal scapualr artery

Suprascapular Artery travels over what ligament

superior transverse scapular ligament

Suprascapular Artery supplies what

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Shoulder joint

What main artery gives rise to the superior thyroid artery?

External carotid artery

How do you know the difference between internal and external carotid arteries when they branch from the common carotid artery?

External has carotid sinus and immediate branches

How many branches off the external carotid artery are they?

8 -

Superior thyroid,

lingual artery,

facial artery,

descending pharyngeal artery,

maxillary,

superficial temporal,

posterior auricle a,

occipital a

Internal carotid artery supplies blood to what general regions?

Brain and eyes

External carotid artery supplies blood to

face and neck

Name major function of collective hyoid muscles

Swallowing and Chewing

Suprahyoid muscles

digastric muscle

stylohyoid

mylohyoid

Digastric muscle 2 bellies innervation

2 bellies: anterior and posterior

Anterior innervated by trigeminal nerve (mandibular div)

Posterior innervated by facial nerve

digastric muscle MOA

elevates hyoid,

depresses mandible

Stylohyoid innervation

facial nerve

stylohyoid function

elevates and retracts hyoid

Mylohyoid forms what

floor of mouth

Mylohyoid function

elevates hyoid and floor of mouth when swallowing

Infrahyoid muscles list

omohyoid

sternohyoid

thyrohyoid

sternoTHYoid

role of infrahyoid muscles

depress the hyoid and larynx

Sternohyoid muscles

Most superficial

Action: Depresses hyoid after swallowing

omohyoid muscle description

Two bellies: superior & inferior (with an intermediate tendon)

Action: Depresses and retracts hyoid

sternothyroid description

Deep muscle

Action: Depresses the larynx (thyroid cartilage)

thyrohyoid description

Superior continuation of sternothyroid

action: elevates larynx, depresses hyoid

differentiates between anterior and posterior belly of digastric muscles

Stylohyoid muscle

What dural extension separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

tentorium cerebelli

The split of the brain is between the diencephalon and the midbrain

what is the point of the dura in the brain splitting into 2 layers?

allow for spaces for CSF to flow around

reabsorb stuff in the brain

What dural extension separates left and right cerebral hemispheres?

falx cerebri

what is the attachment point for falx cerebri in anterior aspect?

crystal galli

What is the significance of crista galli?

separates the falx cerebri

Olfactory nerve arises form?

Cerebrum (Olfactory bulb)

Exit: cribiform plate

Optic nerve arises from?

Cerebrum

Exits through the optic canal

what nerves arise from midbrain

oculomotor

trochlear

(3 and 4)

what nerves arise from pons

trigeminal

abducens

facial

8??

(5-7)

what nerves exit from medulla

glossopharyngeal

hypoglossal

accessory (11**)

vagus

(9, 10, 12)

what nerves arise from cerebrum

olfactory

optic

(1-2)

hypoglossal n exits thorugh the

hypoglossal canal

Accessory nerve spinal nerves exit from?

cervical region

What exits through the superior orbital fissure?

CN 3, 4, ophthalmic (branch of 5), and 6

What exits through the Internal acoustic meatus?

CN 7 and 8

What exits through the Jugular foramen?

CN 9, 10, 11

Where does facial nerve travel?

through the parotid gland

parotid duct goes through the

buccinator muscle

what is the artery on top of the masster muscle

facial artery

What muscle to use when blowing balloon?

buccinator muscle

What muscle would I use to purse my lipids together?

orbicularis oris

What muscles are used in smiling?

Risorius and zygomaticus major

what is the central spot where elevators/depressors meet for facial expression

modiolus

Orbicularis oculi palpebral portion

involuntary blinks eyes

Orbicularis oculi orbital portion

voluntarily opens and closes palperal fissure

What muscle opens the eye?

Levator palpebrae superioris

What muscle is for smirking/”smize”?

Risorius

What 3 muscles is for frowning?

Depressor anguli oris,

depressor labii inferioris

platysma

What muscle is for pouting?

mentalis m

Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi m MOA

elevates upper lip

dilates nares

Nasalis muscle transverse part MOA

compresses nares

Nasalis muscle alar part MOA

dilates nares

Hydrocephalus is the result of CSF accumulating where?

Ventricles

Why is the cribriform plate important when discussing potential locations of bacterial/viral inoculation?

Thin porous bony region that has entry into the nasal mucosa

Anterior blood flow to the brain is provided by?

Internal carotid arteries

anterior areas: Cerebral hemispheres (frontal, parietal, partly medial temporal lobe)

deep structures (basal ganglia, internal capsule, thalamus),

retina

Posterior blood flow to the brain is provided by?

vertebral artery

Common complaints of pituitary adenoma

Visual changes (including loss)

Superior oblique muscle of eye is coming from the _ side

medial

Rectus muscles attach directly to the _

sclera

Superior oblique m MOA

intorsion, depression, abduction

CN IV

Inferior oblique m MOA

extortion, elevation, abduction

CN III

Superior rectus m MOA

primary elevator

CN III

Inferior rectus m MOA

primary depressor

CN III

Medial rectus m MOA

primary adductor (true)

CN III

Lateral rectus m MOA

primary abductor (true)

CN VI

Levator Palpebrae superior m MOA

controls elevation and retraction of upper lid

(does not attach to eye)

Tensor palati

opens the auditory tube when swallowing to help regulate pressure

Levator palati

elevates the soft palate during swallowing to prevent food from entering nasopharynx

Constrictor muscles

3 muscles

propels food from oral cavity → esophagus

(superior, middle, inferior)

Brainstem (superior -> inferior)

1. midbrain

2. pons

3. medulla

posterior triangle borders of neck

sternocledimastoid

trapezius

middle 3rd of clavicle

anterior triangle of neck

SCM

inferior border of mandible

midline of neck

ansa cervicalis

U connection of the descending branch of the hypoglossal nerve

vagus nerve MOA=

motor supply to muscles of larynx

sensory below vocal cords=