A&P II: Lab Practical 2

Thyroid cartilage

anterior part of the larynx

Thyroid gland

produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth

Trachea

a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.

Trachea

a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.

Primary bronchi

the two passageways that branch off the trachea and lead to the right and left lungs

Esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

Esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

Lungs

two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration

Diaphragm

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

Heart

A hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

Superior and inferior venae cavae

The veins that bring in blood from the upper and lower parts of the body to the heart

Aorta

The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.

Liver

Produces bile

Gallbladder

A muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion

Pancreas

Regulates the level of sugar in the blood (insulin) (glucagon)

Spleen

Organ near the stomach that produces, stores, and eliminates old blood cells

Stomach

Large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food

Small intestine

Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place

Large intestine

The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body

Adrenal glands

A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. they secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress.

Kidneys

Organs that filter blood and produce urine.

Ureters

The tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Urinary bladder

Saclike organ in which urine is stored before being excreted

Human anatomy

the study of the structure of the human body

Human physiology

the study of the functions of the human body

Organ

2 or more different types of tissues working together toward a common function

Tissue

2 or more different types of cells working together toward a common function

Organ system

2 or more different types of organs working together toward a common function

Superior (cranial)

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Inferior (caudal)

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Anterior (ventral)

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Posterior (dorsal)

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

Medial

Towards or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Intermediate

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial (external)

Toward or at the body surface

Deep (internal)

Away from the body surface

Sagittal (median) plane

Vertical plane that lies exactly in the midline, splits the body into halves

Frontal (coronal) plane

Vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions

Cranial cavity

Contains the brain (in the skull)

Ventral body cavity

Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavities

Vertebral cavity

Contains the spinal cord

Thoracic cavity

Contains heart and lungs

Pleural cavity

Contains the lungs

Mediastinum

Space between the lungs

Pericardial cavity

Contains the heart

Dorsal body cavity

Contains the cranial cavity and spinal column

Pelvic cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Abdominopelvic cavity

Contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Lipase

enzyme that breaks down/digests lipids (fats)

Amylase

enzyme that breaks down/digests carbohydrates (polysaccharides) ex: starch

Triglycerides ---(lipase & bile salts)--> monoglycerides + fatty acids

What is the basic chemical reaction for the digestion of lipids?

Digestion of lipids

Triglycerides ---(lipase & bile salts)--> monoglycerides + fatty acids

Starch (polysaccharide) ---(amylase)--> maltose (disaccharide)

What is the basic chemical reaction for the digestion of starch?

Digestion of starch

Starch (polysaccharide) ---(amylase)--> maltose (disaccharide)

Assay

to test, analyze

Fatty acid assay (litmus test)

A test we can use to assess whether or not lipase is functional and has/hasn't digested triglycerides into fatty acids

Will

Fatty acid assay (litmus test):

If lipase is functional, fatty acids (will/won't) be produced

pH of solution (pH)

Fatty acid assay (litmus test):

If lipase is functional, fatty acids will be produced, leading to a change in what?

Present, red, acidic

Fatty acid assay (litmus test):

If lipase is functional, fatty acids are (present/absent) --> solution is (red/blue) --> pH becomes (basic/acidic)

Absent, blue, basic

Fatty acid assay (litmus test):

If lipase is nonfunctional, fatty acids are (present/absent) --> solution is (red/blue) --> pH becomes (basic/acidic)

Red

Fatty acid assay (litmus test):

If lipase is functional, the solution will turn (red/blue)

Blue

Fatty acid assay (litmus test):

If lipase is nonfunctional, the solution will turn (red/blue)

pH indicator

A chemical that can be added to a solution to determine pH by changing colors depending on acidity/basicity

Litmus

Fatty acid assay (litmus test):

What is the pH indicator?

Blue

Red

Fatty acid assay (litmus test):

Litmus is ___ at neutral/alkaline pH

Litmus is ___ at acidic pH

Lipase produces fatty acids, which lowers pH and causes a pH change

Explain why we could use a pH indicator to measure the amount of lipase activity

Starch assay (iodine test)

A test we can use to assess whether or not amylase is functional and has/hasn't digested starch into simpler sugars

Simple sugar/maltose assay (Benedict's test)

A test we can use to assess whether or not starch digestion has occurred by detecting if starch has been broken down into maltose (simple sugars)

Will

Simple sugar/maltose assay (Benedict's test):

If starch digestion occurs, simple sugars (maltose) (will/won't) be produced

Blue, orange

Simple sugar/maltose assay (Benedict's test):

If simple sugars (maltose) are present, Benedict's solution changes color from ___ to ___

Orange

Simple sugar/maltose assay (Benedict's test):

If simple sugars (maltose) are present, Benedict's solution is (orange/blue)

Blue

Simple sugar/maltose assay (Benedict's test):

If simple sugars (maltose) are absent, Benedict's solution is (orange/blue)

Blue

Simple sugar/maltose assay (Benedict's test):

If starch is NOT digested, Benedict's solution will be (orange/blue)

Orange

Simple sugar/maltose assay (Benedict's test):

If starch is digested, Benedict's solution will be (orange/blue)

Boil the solution

Simple sugar/maltose assay (Benedict's test):

What must be done for Benedict's test to work?

Orange

Simple sugar/maltose assay (Benedict's test):

Benedict's solution + simple sugars =

Blue

Simple sugar/maltose assay (Benedict's test):

Benedict's solution w/o simple sugars =

Orange, functional

Simple sugar/maltose assay (Benedict's test):

If simple sugars (maltose) is present, the solution is (orange/blue), and that means the amylase was (functional/nonfunctional)

Blue, nonfunctional

Simple sugar/maltose assay (Benedict's test):

If simple sugars (maltose) is absent, the solution is (orange/blue), and that means the amylase was (functional/nonfunctional)

Brown, blue/black

Starch assay (iodine test):

If starch is present, iodine solution changes from ___ to ___

Blue-back

Starch assay (iodine test):

If starch is present, the iodine solution is (brown/blue-black)

Brown

Starch assay (iodine test):

If starch is absent, the iodine solution is (brown/blue-black)

Won't

Starch assay (iodine test):

If amylase is functional, starch (will/won't) be present

Will

Starch assay (iodine test):

If amylase is nonfunctional, starch (will/won't) be present

Iodine solution

Starch assay (iodine test):

What is the pH indicator used in the starch assay?

Brown, functional

Starch assay (iodine test):

If starch is absent, the iodine solution is (brown/blue-black), and that means the amylase was (functional/nonfunctional)

Blue-black, nonfunctional

Starch assay (iodine test):

If starch is present, the iodine solution is (brown/blue-black), and that means the amylase was (functional/nonfunctional)

No

Brown

No

Blue

Starch experiment:

Tube 1 (amylase + water, 37°C) — negative control

Starch in product: (yes/no)

Iodine test: (brown/blue-black)

Maltose in product: (yes/no)

Benedict's test: (orange/blue)

Yes

Blue-black

No

Blue

Starch experiment:

Tube 2 (starch + water, 37°C) — negative control

Starch in product: (yes/no)

Iodine test: (brown/blue-black)

Maltose in product: (yes/no)

Benedict's test: (orange/blue)

No

Brown

Yes

Orange

Starch experiment:

Tube 3 (maltose + water, 37°C) — negative control

Starch in product: (yes/no)

Iodine test: (brown/blue-black)

Maltose in product: (yes/no)

Benedict's test: (orange/blue)

No

Brown

Yes

Orange

Starch experiment:

Tube 4 (amylase + starch, 37°C) — positive control

Starch in product: (yes/no)

Iodine test: (brown/blue-black)

Maltose in product: (yes/no)

Benedict's test: (orange/blue)

Yes

Blue-black

No

Blue

Starch experiment:

Tube 5 (boiled amylase + starch, 37°C) — unknown

Starch in product: (yes/no)

Iodine test: (brown/blue-black)

Maltose in product: (yes/no)

Benedict's test: (orange/blue)

Yes

Blue-black

No

Blue

Starch experiment:

Tube 6 (amylase + starch, 0°C ice) — unknown

Starch in product: (yes/no)

Iodine test: (brown/blue-black)

Maltose in product: (yes/no)

Benedict's test: (orange/blue)

Bile salts

Emulsify fats; breaking large fat globules into smaller droplets to increase surface area

Break triglycerides down, increasing surface area for lipase to act

Describe what bile salts do to triglycerides and explain why that has an impact on lipase activity