final study guide

Code Talkers

Native American soldiers, especially Navajo, who used their language to create military codes during WWII.

Which event brought the US directly into WWII?

The attack on Pearl Harbor.

Ways Americans supported the war effort during WWII

Buying war bonds, rationing, working in factories, recycling, and planting victory gardens.

Exact date of Pearl Harbor attack

December 7, 1941.

Two superpowers after WWII

The United States and the Soviet Union.

Double V Campaign

African American campaign for victory against fascism abroad and racism at home.

Plan to develop the atomic bomb

Manhattan Project.

How WWII ended the Great Depression

Massive wartime production created millions of jobs.

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, and Japan.

Auschwitz

Largest Nazi concentration and extermination camp during the Holocaust.

Japanese Tanaka Plan

Alleged Japanese plan for world domination beginning with Asia.

Why was the Battle of Stalingrad a turning point?

Germany lost a major battle and the Soviets began pushing German forces back.

Bataan Death March

Forced march of American and Filipino POWs by Japanese troops; thousands died.

Women worked in __________ during WWII.

Factories and defense industries.

Why were Japanese Americans evacuated from the West Coast?

Fear and suspicion after Pearl Harbor led to internment camps.

Popular culture on the home front during WWII

Patriotic movies, music, propaganda, and support for troops.

Yalta Conference decisions

Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin planned postwar Europe and the United Nations.

US response to reports of persecution of Jews

The US took little direct action before the war ended.

New weapons of WWI

Machine guns, tanks, poison gas, airplanes, and submarines.

Event that sparked WWI

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Purpose of the League of Nations

To maintain world peace and prevent future wars.

Characterization of WWI fighting

Trench warfare with heavy casualties and little movement.

Where did many immigrants come from in early 1900s?

Southern and Eastern Europe.

Immigrants after 1892 were processed at

Ellis Island.

Discrimination policy against Asians entering the US

Chinese Exclusion Act.

Policy of avoiding foreign alliances

Isolationism.

Main reason for Stock Market Crash

Speculation and buying stocks on margin.

Stock prices are measured by

The Dow Jones Industrial Average.

Why did banks close after the Crash?

Bank runs caused people to withdraw money all at once.

Regions affected by the Dust Bowl

Great Plains states like Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico.

Buying on credit during the 1920s

Installment plans.

Shanty towns after the Crash

Hoovervilles.

First man to fly nonstop from New York to Paris

Charles Lindbergh.

New Deal philosophy about government

Government should help citizens during economic crises.

Weakness in 1920s prosperity

Unequal wealth distribution, overproduction, and excessive credit use.

Temperance movement goal

To eliminate alcohol consumption.

Grandfather clause

Allowed voting only if ancestors had voted before the Civil War.

Birthplace of jazz music

New Orleans.

Great Harlem Renaissance poet/author

Langston Hughes.

MLK Jr.’s philosophy

Nonviolent protest and civil disobedience.

Plessy v. Ferguson ruling

“Separate but equal” segregation was constitutional.

What did anarchists believe?

Government should be abolished.

Montgomery Bus Boycott began when

Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat.

How Jim Crow laws affected voting

Poll taxes, literacy tests, and intimidation prevented Black voting.

SNCC

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee; organized sit-ins and direct action protests.

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference led by MLK Jr.; promoted nonviolent protests.

Clash at Birmingham

Police used dogs and fire hoses against protesters.

Malcolm X beliefs

Black nationalism, self-defense, and Black pride.

Malcolm X: Trip to Mecca

Changed some views and promoted racial unity among Muslims.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Banned segregation and discrimination.

What Jackie Robinson, Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks, and MLK Jr. had in common

They fought racial discrimination and segregation.

Anti-suffrage argument against women voting

Women would neglect home and family duties.

Counterculture of the 1960s promoted

Peace, individuality, antiwar views, and rejection of traditional values.

Freedom Riders

Civil rights activists who rode buses through the South to challenge segregation.

Group behind many lunch counter sit-ins

SNCC.

Why Eisenhower used troops in Arkansas (1957)

To enforce school integration at Little Rock Central High School.

Leader supported by the US in Vietnam

Ngo Dinh Diem.

Why and when was the Berlin Wall built?

Built in 1961 to stop East Germans from fleeing to West Berlin.

NATO

Military alliance between the US, Canada, and Western Europe against communism.

Red Scare

Fear of communism spreading in the United States.

President who sent the most troops to Vietnam

Lyndon B. Johnson.

Who did Diem persecute?

Buddhists and political opponents.

Cuban revolutionary leader in 1959

Fidel Castro.

Domino Theory

If one country became communist, nearby countries would follow.

War involving carpet bombing and napalm

Vietnam War.

Event bringing US and USSR close to nuclear war

Cuban Missile Crisis.

Authorization for force in Vietnam

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.

Viet Cong

Communist guerrilla fighters in South Vietnam.

Tet Offensive (1968)

Major communist attack that weakened American support for the war.

Black Power belief

African Americans should build political and economic power independently.

“One small step for man…” speaker

Neil Armstrong.

Pentagon Papers revealed

The government had misled the public about the Vietnam War.

Why was the Vietnam draft seen as unfair?

Wealthier Americans and college students often avoided combat.

Nations/territories controlled by the US during Imperialism

Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, and influence over Cuba.

O.J. Simpson trial

Famous 1990s murder trial involving former football star O.J. Simpson.

Rodney King riots

Los Angeles riots after police officers accused of beating Rodney King were acquitted.

David Koresh

Leader of the Branch Davidians during the Waco siege.

Jim Jones

Cult leader responsible for the Jonestown mass deaths.

Bill Clinton impeachment

Impeached for perjury and obstruction of justice.

Woodstock

Major 1969 music festival symbolizing counterculture and peace.

Stonewall Riots

1969 protests that helped launch the modern LGBTQ+ rights movement.

Crack versus cocaine

Crack was cheaper, more addictive, and heavily affected poorer communities.

Birth of rap music

Began in New York City, especially the Bronx, during the 1970s.

Mobilization

Preparing troops and resources for war.

Appeasement

Giving concessions to avoid conflict.

Quota

Limit on the number of immigrants allowed into a country.

Totalitarian

Government with total control over citizens.

Suburbs

Residential areas outside cities.

Nationalism

Pride and loyalty to one’s nation.

Assimilation

Adopting the culture of another group.

Tenements

Overcrowded urban apartment buildings.

Fascism

Dictatorship emphasizing nationalism and military power.

Nativists

People favoring native-born citizens over immigrants.

Flapper

Young woman of the 1920s known for modern fashion and behavior.

Sit-ins

Peaceful protests where demonstrators refused to leave segregated places.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court case supporting segregation.

Malcolm X

Civil rights leader promoting Black nationalism and self-defense.

MLK Jr.

Civil rights leader promoting nonviolence.

Freedom Rides

Bus protests against segregation in interstate travel.

Elijah Muhammad

Leader of the Nation of Islam and mentor to Malcolm X.