Medical Science Final Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering nervous system anatomy, medical specialists, hematology, digestive disorders, reproductive health, and musculoskeletal terminology from the medical science review.

Frontal Lobe

The part of the brain responsible for reasoning, emotions, judgment, and voluntary movement.

Occipital Lobe

The part of the brain that contains the centers of vision and reading ability.

Hematuria

The medical term for the presence of blood in the urine.

Oliguria

The production of abnormally small amounts of urine.

Ureteritis

Inflammation of the ureters, the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Uremia

A condition involving abnormally high levels of waste products in the blood due to kidney failure.

Bowman's capsule

A cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the kidney that performs the first step in the filtration of blood.

Nephrologist

A medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of the kidneys.

Gynecologist

A physician who specializes in the health of the female reproductive system.

Pulmonologist

A medical specialist who focuses on the health of the respiratory system.

Cardiologist

A doctor who specializes in the study or treatment of heart diseases and heart abnormalities.

Dermatologist

A medical practitioner qualified to diagnose and treat skin disorders.

Orthopedic Specialist

A physician who specializes in the musculoskeletal system, including bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and muscles.

Gastroenterologist

A physician who specializes in diseases of the digestive system and its relevant organs.

Neurologist

A specialist in the anatomy, functions, and organic disorders of nerves and the nervous system.

Urologist

A doctor who specializes in the study or treatment of the function and disorders of the urinary system.

Pernicious anemia

A decrease in red blood cells that occurs when the intestines cannot properly absorb vitamin $B_{12}$.

Platelets

Small, colorless cell fragments in the blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding.

Leukemia

A type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, characterized by an overproduction of abnormal white blood cells.

Chyme

The pulpy acidic fluid which passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food.

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder.

Gastroenteritis

Inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, typically resulting from bacterial toxins or viral infection.

Appendicitis

A condition in which the appendix becomes inflamed and filled with pus, causing pain.

Cirrhosis of the liver

Chronic liver damage from various causes leading to scarring and liver failure.

Menstrual Cycle

A cycle occurring approximately every $28$ days in the female reproductive system.

Endometriosis

A disorder in which tissue that normally lines the uterus grows outside the uterus.

Dysmenorrhea

Painful menstruation, typically involving abdominal cramps.

Cerebellum

The part of the brain that regulates balance, posture, movement, and muscle coordination.

Pectoralis

The muscle located in the chest.

Prime mover

The muscle that provides the primary force driving a specific action.

Contractibility

The ability of muscle tissue to shorten or contract.

Isometric

A type of muscle contraction where the muscle length remains constant while tension increases.

Hypertrophy

The enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells, often due to exercise.

Origin

The point of attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction.

Homeostasis

The state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems.

Transverse plane

The horizontal plane that divides the body into top and bottom halves.

Frontal plane

The plane which divides the body into front and back sections.

Sagittal plane

The plane that divides the body into left and right sides.

Lordosis

An excessive inward curvature of the lumbar spine.

Scoliosis

A sideways curvature of the spine.

Kyphosis

An excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing a hunching of the back.

Periosteum

A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.

Osteoclast

A large multinucleate bone cell which absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing.

Osteoblast

A cell that secretes the matrix for bone formation.

Bradycardia

A condition wherein an individual has a slow heart rate, typically defined as under $60\text{ beats per minute}$.

Tachycardia

An abnormally rapid heart rate, typically over $100\text{ beats per minute}$.

Hypertension

A condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high; also known as high blood pressure.

Diaphragm

The major muscle of respiration that helps in breathing.