BLAKEMORE & COOPER

In cats and humans, each __ __ of the __ __ will only activate in response to a specific type of visual stimuli.

Individual neuron, visual cortex

___ are used to measure a single neuron

Micropipettes

HIRSH AND SPINELL: raised cats from birth with _ eye viewing horizontal lines and 1 eye viewing __ __

1, vertical lines

Horizontal/vertical orientation neurons were found to be ___

Monocular

AIM- the development of the __ __ __ in cats

primary visual cortex

AIM- if __ __ is innate or learned

Orientation selectivity

SAMPLE: __ __ studied in a lab in __ until publishing

Multiple kittens, California

SAMPLE: __ __ to one of the two conditions

Randomly allocated

Research Method:

Lavatory experiment

Experiment Design:

Independent measures

IV:

Horizontally or vertically experienced

DV:

individual neuron activation

How data was gathered:

Observation and scientific equipment

BIRTH TO 2 WEEKS- kittens were kept in a __ __ __

Completely dark room

2 WEEKS TO 5 MONTHS- kittens were put into a __ __ for about __ hours per day

Special apparatus, 5

5 MONTHS TO 7.5 MONTHS- kittens were the taken __ _ __ to a small, well-lit room, with tables and chairs

Once a week

5 MONTHS TO 7.5 MONTHS- their __ __ were observed and recorded

Visual reactions

7.5 MONTHS- two of the kittens were anaesthetised so their ___ could be examined

Neurophysiology

VISUAL REACTION:___: withdrawing and moving away from a stimuli moving quickly towards the face

Startle response

VISUAL REACTION:___: Pupils in the eye dilate and get smaller when there is less light, restrict and get smaller when there is a large amount of light

Pupillary reflex

VISUAL REACTION:___: Tendency for some animals to automatically put their paws on a raised surface when they see it

Visual placing

VISUAL REACTION:___: looking at the general way the kittens move and explore the room.

Behaviour

RESULTS: both vertical and horizontal kittens show __ __

Visual impairments

RESULTS: no ___ when brought up to a table top with a stripped surface

Visual placing

RESULTS:no __ __ when a horizontal or vertical abject was thrust towards them

Startle response

RESULTS: they guided themselves mainly by __

Touch

RESULTS: they showed __ __: kittens raised in the horizontal environment could not detects vertically aligned object and rise versa

Behavioural blindness

RESULTS-__ __ were normal. This shows that the kittens eyes were biologically normal

Papillary reflexes

RESULTS: kittens recovered from many of the __

Deficiencies

RESULTS: within 10 hours of normal vision, they showed __ __ of __ __and would jump from a chair to the floor

Startled responses. Visual placing

RESULTS: no evidence of ___, which could of explained the kittens behaviour

Astigmatism

RESULTS: about _% of cells in both cats were binocular and most responses were normal

75

RESULTS: no regions of ‘__’ cortex where the ‘missing’ __ __ would be

Silent, cortical columns

CONCLUSION: visual experiences in the early life of kittens can change their __, __ __ and __

Brains, visual cortex, perception

CONCLUSION: a kittens nervous system and brain adapts to match the probability of occurrence of features of its __ __

Visual input

CONCLUSION: brain development is determined by the __ __ made upon it, rather than just __ __ factors

Environmental demands, pre-programmed genetic

CONCLUSION: it is questionable as to whether results can be:

Generalised to humans