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cranial nerve I

olfactory

• sensory

• nose/smell

cranial nerve II

optic

• sensory

• eyesight

cranial nerve III

oculomotor

• motor

• eye muscles except those supplied by IV and VI

cranial nerve IV

trochlear

• motor

• eye movement from superior oblique muscle

cranial nerve V

trigeminal

• both sensory and motor

• sensory: face, sinuses, teeth

• motor: jaw muscles

cranial nerve VI

abducent

• motor

• eye movement from external rectus muscle

cranial nerve VII

facial

• both sensory and motor

• sensory: tongue

• motor: muscles of the face + submaxillary and sublingual gland

cranial nerve VIII

vestibulocochlear

• sensory

• hearing and balance

cranial nerve IX

glossopharyngeal

• both sensory and motor

• sensory: taste + sensation on back of tongues, tonsil, and pharynx

• motor: swallowing

cranial nerve X

Vagus

• both sensory and motor

• sensory: heart, lungs, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, GI tract, and external ear

• motor: heart, lungs, bronchi, and GI tract

cranial nerve XI

accesory

• motor

• shoulder muscles

cranial nerve XII

hypoglossal

• motor

• muscles of the tongue

cranial nerve order mnemonic + what it stands for

“Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet, AH”

olfactory, optic, occulomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducent, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

cranial nerve mnemonic for sensory, motor, or both

“sone say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more”

define signalment

essential context in a sentence format that describes basic biographical information

4 components of signalment

1. species

2. age

3. breed

4. sex+reproductive status

why is signalment useful?

allows us to narrow down the diagnosis based on the info provided

who is the patient

the animal of interest

who is the client

the owner of the animal of interest or their representative

define history (abbreviated as Hx)

animal previous medical history (both past and present)

examples of what might be included in an animals medical history

current medications, C.S.V.D, diet, allergies, vaccination history, home environment, energy level, appetite, exercise level, contact w other animals, chronic conditions

instead of “symptoms”, vet med uses the term _____

clinical signs

____ and ____ give vets up to 80% of information needed to make a diagnosis

Hx and PE (the physical exam)

3 main vitals

TPR - temperature, pulse, and respiration

define auscultation

listening to the heart beat w a stethoscope

calculating beats per minute

listen for 15 seconds, multiply by 4

when listening to the pulse, also listen for….

abnormalities and quality

what to listen for when getting the respiratory rate

quality, wheezing, crackling, etc

how to get respiratory rate

count breaths per 15 seconds x 4

where do we take the CRT

usually gums but also vulva or prepuse

CRT stands for

capillary refill time

describe the CRT test

apply pressure to skin and see how long it takes the color to return - should be less than 2 seconds

CRT is a measure of?

profusion

what do we look for in the mucosal membrane (MM)

the color and moisture level (is it moist? tacky? dry?)

BCS stands for

body condition score

T or F: CRT is considered a vital

true

T orF: weight is considered a vital and BCS is not

false

depending on situation and species, what other vital might be taken?

blood pressure

BAR and QAR both describe an animals _____

mentation

BAR stands for

bright, alert, and responsive

QAR stands for

quiet, alert, and responsive

skin turgor test is a test for _____

hydration

describe the skin turgor test

pinch the skin and see how long it takes to go back to normal

where to perform the skin turgor test in different species

• scruff of the neck in dogs

• neck/point of shoulder in equine

• upper eyelids of ruminants

indicators for the hydration levels in an animal

urine color, volume, frequency, and USG

what is urinary USG

Urine Specific Gravity - measures the concentration of solutes (waste products) in urine compared to pure water, assessing the kidney's ability to concentrate or dilute urine.

packed cell volume (PCV) and total protein (TP) levels _____ when dehydrated

rise

is an animal is _______% dehydrated, we’re able to tell on a physical exam

greater than or equal to 5%

mentation is a form of _____ assessment

neurologic

what motor skill characteristics are we looking for during a physical exam?

• is the animal walking well?

• lameness vs incoordination

• cranial nerve assessments

• reflex tests

ataxia is the scientific word for

incoordination

what are we looking for when examining the integumentary system

• redness

• hair loss

• coat length

• inflammation

• masses

• nails/hooves/claws

• fleas/tics

what is erythema

abnormal redness of the skin

what is alopecia

partial or complete lack of hair in areas where it is normally present

fleas and tics are examples of common _____

ectoparasites

what are we looking for when examining the musculoskeletal system?

• lameness

• muscle symmetry of atrophy

• BCS

• joints

• range of motion (ROM)

• conformation or deformation

define borborygymy

gut sounds

what do we look for when examining the digestive tract

• abdominal distention (bloating)

• abdominal pain upon palpation

• rumen contractions

• manure

• pinging in ruminants and sometimes horses

what do we look for in the manure of an animal?

volume, frequency, consistency, odor, diarrhea, and presence of blood

describe pinging in ruminants

• a diagnostic technique where a veterinarian flicks or percusses the abdominal wall while listening with a stethoscope to detect a distinct, high-pitched resonance. This sound indicates a gas-filled organ (often the abomasum) is trapped against the body wall, typically signaling a displaced abomasum

• The primary purpose of identifying a "ping" is to diagnose a displaced abomasum, a condition where the cow's fourth stomach (abomasum) moves out of place and fills with gas

what are we looking for when examining the reproductive tract

• pregnant or not

• abnormal mammary development or mastitis

• testicle palpation

• confirm sex

what is mastitis

the inflammation of the mammary gland, usually by bacterial infections or trauma to the udder

olfactory is the sense of ___

smell

ophthalmic is relating to the ___

eye

what are we looking for when examining the ophthalmic system

• eye discharge

• ulcers

• color change in the cornea

• conjunctivitis

• scleral injection

describe eye ulcers

painful, open sores on the surface of the cornea (the transparent outer layer of the eye) caused by damage to its outer layers

describe conjunctivitis

an inflammation of the mucous membrane (conjunctiva) that covers the white part of the eye and lines the eyelids in animals, such as dogs and cats

describe a scleral injection

the dilation of blood vessels on the white part of the eye (sclera), indicating severe internal eye inflammation like glaucoma or uveitis

cardiovascular system relates to the ____

heart

what to look for in the lymph nodes during a PE

• swollen or enlarged

• painful

• symmetrical

drinking behavior is an indicator of _____ health

urinary

flunixin meglumine is what kind of drug

NSAID (non steroidal anti inflammatory drug)

common trade names of flunixin meglumine

banamine and prevail

what do NSAIDs do?

reduce inflammation, alleviate pain, and lower fever

what are the two forms of flunixin meglamine

injectabale or oral

the injectable version of flunixin meglumine should be administered via _____, not ______

intravenous (IV) ; intramuscular (IM)

flunixin meglumine as an injectable is best used for what species? what species does it not work as well for?

• best for equine, ruminants, and camelids

• not as good for swine

injecting flunixin meglumine intramuscularly causes what?

clostridial myostitis (which is necrosis or death of the muscle cells)

injecting FM _____ is better than ______, but less effective than ______

subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous

FM in the form of an oral paste is commonly used in what species? what species should avoid it?

• best for horses and swine

• less ideal for ruminants

why should ruminants not be administered oral paste FM?

you’re feeding the microbes but not the ruminant, and this paste wouldn't be effectively absorbed because it would be broken down by the microbes before the medicine could be beneficial

T or F: FM is a nonselective COX inhibitor

True

what is a nonselective COX inhibitor?

blocks both cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes. By inhibiting both, they reduce pain and inflammation (via COX-2) but also reduce stomach protection and affect blood clotting (via COX-1), leading to common side effects

common side effects of NSAIDs in equine

• gastric ulcers

• right dorsal colitis

• kidney damage (especially if the animal is dehydrated)

common side effects of NSAIDs in ruminants

• kidney damage (especially if the animal is dehydrated)

• abomasal ulcers

common side effects of NSAIDs in small animals

liver injury

define nephrotoxic

when a medication can cause damage to the kidney

TMS and SMZ are examples of ____

antibiotics a.k.a antimicrobials

what is a major concern when giving oral antibiotics to horses

need the owner to look out for diarrhea bc it indicates a dysbiosis (upset balance of the normal microbes in the gut) - stop medication immediately is this occurs

what is the difference between a probiotic and an antimicrobial

Probiotics support and rebuild the microbial community, whereas antimicrobials eliminate specific, harmful infections

we can avoid microbial resistance by using ______

antimicrobial stewardship (using them responsibly)

how can we test the function of CN I (olfactory)

hidden treat in hand or pocket to see if they can smell it (recommended to examine last in equine so they aren’t moving all PE) + can use a foul smell like an alcohol pad

how can we test the function of CN II (optic)

• menace response - can the animal see an object coming at them, but not touching them, they should be blinking

• see if they can depict light - a pupillary light reflex, shine light, and see if pupils respond

how can we test the function of CN III (occulomotor)

normal menace response, but an abnormal pupillary light reflex suggests that CN II is working, but CN III is not working

how can we test the function of CN V (trigeminal)

• for the sensory component: palpebral reflex - tap near the lateral or medial part of the eye to see if they blink (sensory CN 5, motor CN7)

• for mastication muscles: how are they masticating feed

saliva and tears can be part of the function of which CN

VII Facial

how can we test the function of CN VIII (vestibulochochlear)

Cochlear = hearing responsibility

• Assessed by snapping or making sound in a specific direction to see if they respond

Vestibular = balance responsibility

• Can they walk in a straight line? Is the head tilted to one side?

what is mastagmus

oscillation of the eyes at rest

“roaring” in horses can be caused by damage to which CN?

CN X, Vagus

how can we test the function of CN XI (accessory)

would notice muscle atrophy