ANAT. endocrine

Where are releasing and inhibiting hormones made?

hypothalamus

Which hormone controls the milk-let-down reflex?

oxytocin

Which hormone stimulates the synthesis of steroid hormones by the adrenal gland?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Increasing levels of blood glucose stimulate the release of insulin. This type of stimulation is known as:

humoral stimulation

Upon binding to a receptor to form a hormone-receptor complex, steroid hormones may cause:

an increase in protein synthesis

What often serves as the second messenger when a hydrophilic amino-acid based hormone binds its receptor?

cAMP

What type of hormone is made from cholesterol?

steroid hormone

What type of hormone usually travels in the blood plasma bound to a protein?

hydrophobic hormones

What stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin)?

increasing solute concentration of the blood

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Which of the following accompanies Hashimoto's thyroiditis?

weight gain

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

hypocalcemia

Adrenal cortex

secretes mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

Aldosterone

helps regulate blood sodium concentration, by stimulating Na+ conservation in the kidneys

pineal gland

gland that produces and releases melatonin.

The posterior pituitary gland (or neurohypophysis)

the gland that stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus

pancreas

the gland that produces insulin and glucagon

adrenal medulla

neuroendocrine organ that produces and releases catecholamines epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

hypothalamus

part of the diencephalon that produces and releases releasing and inhibiting hormone

testes

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) prods these organs to produce testosterone.

parathyroid

the gland that produces and releases a hormone that raises blood calcium levels

Anterior Pituitary

adenohypophysis, produces hormones regulating growth, metabolism, reproduction, and lactation

The __________ is the link between the nervous and the endocrine systems.

hypothalamus

_____ is required for thyroid hormone synthesis.

Iodine

Leptin

Promotes satiety (the feeling of fullness)

Melatonin

Promotes sleep

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Decreases blood pressure

Erythropoietin

Increases red blood cell formation

______ exerts its effects primarily upon the reproductive organs.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Aldosterone

primary function is to trigger sodium retention and water absorption in the kidneys, which increases blood volume and raises blood pressure

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

a hormone produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland that acts on the kidneys to retain water, reduce urine production, and constrict blood vessels

Estrogens

crucial for developing female sexual characteristics, regulating the menstrual cycle, maintaining bone density, and supporting cardiovascular health

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

a gonadotropin produced by the pituitary gland, essential for reproductive health in both men and women

Progesterone

a vital steroid hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy, regulates the menstrual cycle, and supports early gestation

Neurohormones

chemical messengers produced by specialized neurons (neuroendocrine cells) that are released into the blood circulation to act on distant target organs, bridging the nervous and endocrine systems

Mineralocorticoids

steroid hormones, primarily aldosterone, produced in the adrenal cortex that regulate electrolyte balance, fluid volume, and blood pressure by stimulating sodium retention and potassium excretion in the kidneys

Glucocorticoids

potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive steroid hormones (e.g., cortisol, prednisone)

Renin

an enzyme produced by the kidneys that acts as the rate-limiting step in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance

Cortisol

stimulates glycogenesis, often called the "stress hormone" for its role in the body's fight-or-flight response. It regulates metabolism, blood sugar, blood pressure, and immune function.

Alpha cells of the pancreas secrete the peptide hormone

glucagon

Beta cells of the pancreas secrete the protein hormone

insulin

Delta cells of the pancreas secrete the peptide hormone

somatostatin