Lab - Taxonomy and Evolution

What is change in a population of organisms over time called?

Evolution

__________ is a type of evolution characterized by small changes in the frequency of the alleles for a given characteristic in a population

Microevolution

What type of evolution occurs when a new species forms as microevolutionary changes accumulate within a population of organisms?

Macroevolution

What type of evolution is likely to occur when a few members of a population become reproductively isolated from the parent population?

Divergent

What type of evolution occurs as dissimilar organisms evolve to look similar because they are coping with similar environmental selective agents?

Convergent

A geological event separates a portion of a population of mice from the parent population and they no longer have contact with the parent population. After many years, the two populations bridge the gap but are unable to mate and produce viable offspring. Is this convergent or divergent evolution?

Divergent Evolution

The highly venomous Coral Snake has a distinctive red-yellow-black banded color pattern. The nonvenomous California Mountain King Snake has the same bands of color, though they are not in the same order as those of the Coral Snake. The color pattern shared by these two snakes is close enough to fool most predators. Is this an example of convergent or divergent evolution?

Convergent Evolution

A cactus and a euphorbe are both plants that have spines and succulent (water-storing) stems because both evolved in a hot dry environment, but the two plants are not closely related. Is this an example of
convergent or divergent evolution?

Convergent Evolution

What type of mimicry exists when one species has a defense mechanism and the other species has no defense mechanism?

Batesian Mimicry

With Batesian mimicry, what is the species with a defense mechanism called?

Model Species

With Batesian mimicry, what is the species without a defense mechanism called?

Mimic Species

What type of mimicry exists when both species have a defense mechanism?

Mullerian Mimicry

Monarch Butterflies and Viceroy Butterflies are a classic example of ______________ mimicry.

Batsian Mimicry

Some wasps have a characteristic black-and-yellow banded color pattern and are capable of stinging. Some flies and moths have a similar color pattern, close enough to fool predators, but do not have a defense mechanism of their own. Is this an example of Batesian mimicry or Mullerian mimicry?

Batesian Mimicry

If the flies and wasps in objective (14) above had some kind of defense mechanism, would it be an example of Batesian mimicry or Mullerian mimicry?

Mullerian Mimicry

Would the snakes in objective (7) above be an example of Batesian mimicry or Mullerian mimicry?

Batesian Mimicry

What type of coloration advertises an organism’s defense capabilities to predators?

Aposematic Coloration

What is the technical term for “warning coloration?

Aposematic Coloration

What is another term for Aposematic Coloration?

Warning Coloration

What type of coloration effectively conceals an organism from predators?

Cryptic Coloration

What is the technical term for “camouflage?”

Cryptic Coloration

What is another term for Cryptic Coloration?

Camouflage

What type of coloration do the snakes in objective (7) above exhibit?

Aposematic

The Dead-leaf Butterfly resembles a dead leaf when it sits still and has its wings folded. What type of coloration is it exhibiting?

Cryptic

What term refers to structures or features that organisms have in common due to shared ancestry?

Homologous

What term refers to functionally similar structures/features that two different organisms have in common because of similar selective pressures in the environment rather than inherited from a common ancestor?

Analogous

With regard to skeletal structure, would the forelimbs of a bird and a bat be homologous or analogous structures?

Homologous (both obtained their skeletal format from common vertebrate ancestor long ago)

With regard to external morphology, would the forelimbs of a bird and a bat be homologous or analogous structures?

Analogous (one uses skin stretch between elongated fingers to make a wing while the other uses feathers to make a wing; they functionally similar but obtained from different ancestors)

Would the legs of a human and the legs of a frog be homologous or analogous structures?

Homologous

Would the wings of birds and the wings of insects be homologous or analogous structures?

Analogous

What term indicates that a feature or structure is more like the original type or ancestral type?

Primitive

What term indicates that a structure or feature evolved more recently?

Advanced

Would the legless body of a snake be a primitive or advanced reptilian characteristic?

Advanced (the earliest reptilian ancestors had legs; the legless body plan of snakes did not occur until later in reptile evolution)

Would the shell of a turtle be a primitive or an advanced reptilian characteristic?

Advanced (the earliest reptilian ancestors did not have shells)

Would the body plan of seals, whales and dolphins (presence of flippers) be a primitive or advanced characteristic?

Advanced (the skeletal structure inside flippers consists of jointed fingers which is an adaptation to terrestrial life style and therefore indicates that they once walked on land and then at some point returned to aquatic life)

Would a cell without membrane-bound organelles be a primitive or advanced characteristic?

Primitive (prokaryotic cells existed millions years before eukaryotic cells evolved)

Would the shell of a snail be a primitive or advanced characteristic?

Advanced (the earliest mollusk ancestors did not have shells; shells evolved later)

What branch of biology deals with classifying and naming organisms?

Taxonomy

Who is the “Father of Taxonomy?”

Carl Linne (Carolus Linnaeus)

In the 3-Domain system, what are the eight levels of the taxonomic hierarchy?

“Dude, King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti”

• Domain

• Kingdom

• Phylum

• Class

• Order

• Family

• Genus

• Species

What is the most inclusive level of the taxonomic hierarchy?

Domain

What is the least inclusive level of the taxonomic hierarchy?

Species

What is the most specific level of the taxonomic hierarchy?

Species

What is the least specific level of the taxonomic hierarchy?

Domain

Which is more inclusive, phylum or family?

Phylum

Which is more specific, class or genus?

Genus

Can two organisms in the same taxonomic class be in the same taxonomic order?

Yes, they can be, but they do not have to be. Depends how closely related they are

Can two organisms in the same taxonomic order be in the same taxonomic class?

Yes, they have to be. Only way two organisms ended up in the same taxonomic order is because they were already together in the same Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, and Class

What two levels of the taxonomic hierarchy make up an organism’s scientific name?

Genus and Species

What are the “rules” for writing the scientific name of an organism?

• Capitalize the first letter of the genus name

• Species name is all lower case

• Genus name and species name are underlined/italicized separately

• Example: Quercus rubrum (Red Oak) or Quercus rubrum

What is the scientific name for humans and how would you write it correctly?

Homo sapiens

Ancient (primitive) prokaryotic organisms belong to Domain _____

Archaea

Modern (advanced) prokaryotic organisms belong to Domain _____

Bacteria

Eukaryotic organisms belong to Domain _____

Eukarya

Complex multicellular photoautotrophic eukaryotic organism belong to Kingdom _____

Plantae

Unicellular, colonial, or simple multicellular eukaryotic organism belong to Kingdom _____

Protista

Multicellular eukaryotic holotrophs (ingestive heterotrophic organisms) belong to Kingdom _____

Animalia

Multicellular eukaryotic saprotrophs (absorptive heterotrophic organism) belong to Kingdom _____

Fungi