DNA & Molecular Bio

nucleic acids

_____ ____ code for genetic material (DNA, RNA)

nucleotide

What is the monomer for nucleic acids?

phosphodiester bond

What is the name of the bonds that form between nucleotides on a single chain between phosphate groups and sugars?
The __________ _____ forms between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3' hydroxyl (–OH) group on the sugar of the previous nucleotide. Specifically, it connects the 5' carbon of one sugar (where the phosphate is attached) to the 3' carbon of the next sugar.

hydrogen bonds

What are the bonds that form between nucleotides across two different chains (between bases)?

In a double-stranded DNA molecule, the nitrogenous bases of each nucleotide on one strand form specific ______ ____ with complementary bases on the other strand, following base pairing rules:

• In DNA, A=T via two ______ ____

• C=G via three _____ ____

Adenine (A) = Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C) = Guanine (G)

What are the complementary base pairing rules between nucleotides?

5’ → 3’
3’ ← 5’

What is the antiparallel structure of DNA and RNA when base pairing?

DNA

Which genetic material is this based on the characteristics?

• double-stranded

• thymine (T)

• deoxyribose

• (mostly) found in the nucleus in eukaryotic cells

• replicated during cell division

RNA

Which genetic material is this based on the characteristics?

• single-stranded

• uracil (U)

• ribose

• also found in the nucleus AND the cytoplasm

• transcribed from DNA (DNA is used as a template), does not replicate on its own

transcription

_________ copies a gene’s DNA sequence into mRNA in the nucleus.

translation

_________ reads the mRNA’s genetic code and creates a protein.

mRNA genetic code

How is genetic information passed through transcription and translation?

Initiation

What is the first step of DNA replication?

DNA is split into two strands/unwinded by helicase

Elongation

What is the second step of DNA replication?
DNA polymerase attaches to each strand and adds nucleotides in the 5’→3’ direction

Termination

What is the third step of DNA replication?

Two replication total of 4 DNA strands (2 double helixes) result

enzymes

Helicase and polymerase are both _______.

semiconservative

DNA replication is ________, which means that half of the parent DNA molecule is conserved in each of the two daughter DNA molecules.

okazaki fragments

The short lengths of DNA that are produced by the discontinuous replication of the lagging strand.

the leading strand

Which strand continuously synthesizes DNA in the same direction?

the lagging strand

Which strand starts and stops continuously to “catch up” with the replication fork and produces Okazaki fragments while doing so?

DNA ligase

Which enzyme joins Okazaki fragments?

repair proteins

_____ ______ (including DNA polymerase and DNA ligase) can naturally repair mismatch errors in DNA

(Hint: They’re proteins!)

replication errrors and damage to DNA

What can cause mutations?

sex-linked genes

genes located on the sex chromosomes

linked genes

genes located on the same chromosome

If they are linked genes, then they will be inherited together. If the loci of the genes are close together, there will be a low chance of them crossing over.

Why do some genes not sort independently?

crossing over

the exchange of genetic material during meiosis

0%

If the genes are closer, then the recombination frequency is smaller, meaning that it is close to __. (Answer with a percentage).

50%

If the genes are farther, then the recombination frequency is larger, meaning that it is close to __. (Answer with a percentage).

different chromosomes

The recombination frequency is 50%. This means that the genes are on _______ ________.